Put ten different questions to the text (general, special, alternative,disjunctive questions)
THE JUDICIARY IN GERMANY
3.2.4.1Read and translate the text The Judiciary in Germany.
3.2.4.2Find in the text English equivalents for the following terms; write them down in your LEGAL VOCABULARY.
| 1. вверятьсудебнуювласть 2. внеслужбы 3. военно-уголовныесудыдлявооруженныхсил 4. входитьвкомпетенцию … 5. выноситьрешенияпо… 6. Единый сенат судов 7. законная сила 8. истечение срока службы 9. муниципалитет 10. наделить правами 11. нарушить право 12. обеспечение единства правосудия 13. обращение за помощью к суду 14. объем прав и обязанностей 15. освободить от должности 16. осуществлять власть 17. отвечать требованиям 18. отправить в отставку 19. перевести на другое место 20. по причинам и в формах, предписанных законом 21. по ходатайству правительства 22. подать конституционную жалобу 23. подчиняться закону 24. пожизненно назначенный судья 25. порядок судопроизводства 26. право земли 27. право на занятие судейских должностей 28. правовое положение | 29. предоставить право 30. предусмотренный статьей 31. при исполнении своих обязанностей 32. при осуществлении федерального надзора 33. принимать на рассмотрение 34. публичное право 35. разрешать дисциплинарные дела 36. рассматривать жалобы 37. с одобрения Бундесрата 38. сила закона 39. сохранить полное содержание 40. специальное судебное разбирательство 41. средство правовой, судебной защиты 42. судебное дело 43. судебное решение 44. судья, назначенный на постоянной основе 45. толкование закона 46. уволить против желания 47. уголовная юрисдикция 48. уйти в отставку 49. умышленное нарушение 50. Федеральный административный суд 51. Федеральный верховный суд 52. Федеральный суд по делам правовой охраны промышленной собственности 53. Федеральный суд по социальным вопросам 54. Федеральный суд по трудовым спорам 55. Федеральный финансовый суд |
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THE JUDICIARY IN GERMANY
The judicial power shall be vested in the judges; it shall be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law, and by the courts of the Lands.
The Federal Constitutional Court shall rule:
- on the interpretation of this Basic Law in the event of disputes concerning the extent of the rights and duties of a supreme federal body or of other parties vested with rights of their own by this Basic Law or by the rules of procedure of a supreme federal body;
- in the event of disagreements or doubts respecting the formal or substantive compatibility of federal law or Land law with this Basic Law, or the compatibility of Land law with other federal law, on application of the Federal Government, of a Land government, or of one third of the Members of the Bundestag;
-. in the event of disagreements whether a law meets the requirements of paragraph of Article 72, on application of the Bundesrat or of the government or legislature of a Land;
- in the event of disagreements respecting the rights and duties of the Federation and the Lands, especially in the execution of federal law by the Lands and in the exercise of federal oversight;
- on other disputes involving public law between the Federation and the Lands, between different Lands, or within a Land, unless there is recourse to another court;
- on constitutional complaints, which may be filed by any person alleging that one of his basic rights or one of his rights has been infringed by public authority;.4b. on constitutional complaints filed by municipalities or associations of municipalities on the ground that their right to self-government under Article 28 has been infringed by a law; in the case of infringement by a Land law, however, only if the law cannot be challenged in the constitutional court of the Land;
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- in the other instances provided for in this Basic Law.
The Federal Constitutional Court shall also rule on such other matters as may be assigned to it by a federal law. The Federal Constitutional Court shall consist of federal judges and other members. Half the members of the Federal Constitutional Court shall be elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat. They may not be members of the Bundestag, of the Bundesrat, of the Federal Government, or of any of the corresponding bodies of a Land.
The organization and procedure of the Federal Constitutional Court shall be regulated by a federal law, which shall specify in which instances its decisions shall have the force of law. The law may require that all other legal remedies be exhausted before a constitutional complaint may be filed, and may provide for a separate proceeding to determine whether the complaint will be accepted for decision.
The Federation shall establish the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Finance Court, the Federal Labor Court, and the Federal Social Court as supreme courts of ordinary, administrative, financial, labor, and social jurisdiction. The judges of each of these courts shall be chosen jointly by the competent Federal Minister and a committee for the selection of judges consisting of the competent Land ministers and an equal number of members elected by the Bundestag. A Joint Chamber of the courts shall be established to preserve the uniformity of decisions. Details shall be regulated by a federal law.
The Federal Government may set up a Federal court for matters of commercial legal protection. The Federal Government may set up military law courts for the armed forces as Federal courts. They may exercise penal jurisdiction only in the case of defence and over members of the armed forces posted overseas or embarked on warships. The details are covered by a Federal law. These courts fall within the jurisdiction of the Federal Minister of Justice. Their full-time judges must hold authority for judicial office. The Supreme Court for the courts is the Federal High Court.
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The Federal Government may, in the case of persons employed by it under public law, set up Federal courts to rule in disciplinary procedures and complaint procedures. In the case of criminal proceedings in the following areas, a Federal law with the assent of the ‘Bundesrat’ may provide that courts in the ‘Lands’ exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal Government: genocide; crimes against humanity under international law; war crimes; other actions designed for the purpose of, and carried out with the intention of, disturbing peaceful cohabitation between peoples; State protection.
Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law. Judges appointed permanently to full-time positions may be involuntarily dismissed, permanently or temporarily suspended, transferred, or retired before the expiration of their term of office only by virtue of judicial decision and only for the reasons and in the manner specified by the laws. The legislature may set age limits for the retirement of judges appointed for life. In the event of changes in the structure of courts or in their districts, judges may be transferred to another court or removed from office, provided they retain their full salary.
The legal status of federal judges shall be regulated by a special federal law.. If a federal judge infringes the principles of this Basic Law or the constitutional order of a Land in his official capacity or unofficially, the Federal Constitutional Court, upon application of the Bundestag, may by a two-thirds majority order that the judge be transferred or retired. In the case of an intentional infringement it may order him dismissed.
The legal status of Land judges shall be regulated by special Land laws. The Lands may provide that Land judges shall be chosen jointly by the Land Minister of Justice and a committee for the selection of judges. The Lands may enact provisions respecting Land judges. Existing Land constitutional law shall not be affected. The decision in cases of judicial impeachment shall rest with the Federal Constitutional Court.
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A land law may assign the decision of constitutional disputes within a Land to the Federal Constitutional Court, and the final decision in matters involving the application of Land law to the supreme courts.
If a court concludes that a law on whose validity its decision depends is unconstitutional, the proceedings shall be stayed, and a decision shall be obtained from the Land court with jurisdiction over constitutional disputes where the constitution of a Land is held to be violated, or from the Federal Constitutional Court where this Basic Law is held to be violated. This provision shall also apply where the Basic Law is held to be violated by Land law and where a Land law is held to be incompatible with a federal law.
If, in the course of litigation, doubt exists whether a rule of international law is an integral part of federal law and whether it directly creates rights and duties for the individual, the court shall obtain a decision from the Federal Constitutional Court.
If the constitutional court of a Land, in interpreting this Basic Law, proposes to deviate from a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court or of the constitutional court of another Land, it shall obtain a decision from the Federal Constitutional Court.
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