Put ten different questions to the text (general, special, alternative,disjunctive questions)
Mind the following information!
WORDORDERINENGLISHQUESTIONS
(Порядок слов в английских вопросах)
| GENERALQUESTION (Общий вопрос) |
| обратный порядок слов Вспомогательный глагол - подлежащее – смысловая часть сказуемого – второстепенные члены предл.? Has Tom been learning law before? Том изучал право раньше? |
| SPECIALQUESTION (Специальныйвопрос) | |
| обратный порядок слов Вопросительное слово – вспомогательный глагол – подлежащее – смысл. часть сказ. – второстеп. члены? How long has Tom been learning law? Как долго Том изучал право? Запомните!!! В специальном вопросе к подлежащему - прямой порядок слов. Вопрос к подлежащему – сказуемое – второстепенные члены предложения? (к одушевленному – Who, к неодушевленному - What) Who has been learning law? Кто изучал право? | |
| Вопросительные слова: Кто? - Who?Что? - What? Почему? - Why?Когда? - When? Где? Куда? - Where?Чей? - Whose? | Как? - How? Какдолго? - Howlong? Как далеко? - Howfar? Сколько? - Howmany? (исчисл.), Howmuch?(неисчисл.) |
| ALTERNATIVEQUESTION (Альтернативныйвопрос) |
| обратный порядок слов Вспомогательный глагол – подлежащее – смысл. часть сказ. – второстеп. члены? (к одному из членов ставится альтернатива OR) Has Tom been learning law or economics? Том изучал право или экономику? Has Tom or Bob been learning law? Том илиБоб изучал право? |
| DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION (Разделительный вопрос) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
прямой порядок слов+краткий вопрос
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LAW OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
3.2.2.1 Read and translate the text Law of the United Kingdom.
3.2.2.2Find in the text English equivalents for the following terms; write them down in your LEGAL VOCABULARY.
| 1. Акт об Унии 2. английское право 3. вердикт 4. решение присяжных заседателей 5. вердикт «невиновен за отсутствием доказательств» 6. вердикт о виновности 7. вердикт о невиновности 8. гарантировать 9. гражданское дело 10. гражданско-правовая система 11. делегированное законодательство 12. законодательное собрание со значительной степенью автономии 13. законодательство 14. законотворчество 15. кодификация права 16. общее (обычное) право 17. гражданское право 18. Кодификация Юстиниана 19. Римский договор 20. коллегия присяжных заседателей 21. оправдательный приговор без возможности пересмотра дела 22. отменить пересмотр административного решения 23. пересмотр судебного решения 24. последняя апелляция 25. правовая система 26. правомочность 27. принцип разделения властей 28. «стоять на решенном» = «принятое решение остается в силе» | 29. римское право 30. система судебных предписаний 31. справедливость 32. статут 33. устав 34. законодательный акт 35. статутное право, законы 36. Палата лордов 37. апелляционный суд 38. Апелляционный трудовой трибунал 39. Верховный суд (в Северной Ирландии) 40. Высокий суд правосудия 41. Высший уголовный суд (в Шотландии) 42. местный суд 43. специальный суд 44. Сессионный суд (в Шотландии) 45. Специальная комиссия по делам иностранцев 46. суд «запылённых ног» 47. суд графства 48. Суд короны 49. Суд шерифа (в Шотландии) 50. Судебный комитет Тайного совета 51. Суд магистратов 52. суд упрощённого (суммарного) производства 53. трудовой трибунал 54. сфера правоприменения 55. торговое право 56. уголовное дело 57. уголовный процесс 58. юридический термин |
LAWOFTHEUNITEDKINGDOM
TheUnitedKingdomhasthreelegalsystems. Englishlaw, whichappliesinEnglandandWales, andNorthernIrelandlaw, whichappliesinNorthernIreland, arebasedoncommon-lawprinciples. Scotslaw, whichappliesinScotland, isapluralisticsystembasedoncivil-lawprinciples, withcommonlawelementsdatingbacktotheHighMiddleAges. WhileEnglandandWales, NorthernIreland, andScotlanddivergeinthemoredetailedrulesofcommonlawandequity, andwhiletherearecertainfieldsoflegislativecompetencedevolvedinNorthernIreland, Scotland, WalesandLondon, therearesubstantivefieldsoflawwhichapplyacrosstheUnitedKingdom.
TheUnitedKingdomdoesnothaveasinglelegalsystemsinceitwascreatedbythepoliticalunionofpreviouslyindependentcountries. Article 19 oftheTreatyofUnion, putintoeffectbytheActsofUnionin 1707, createdtheKingdomofGreatBritainbutguaranteedthecontinuedexistenceofScotland'sseparatelegalsystem. TheActsofUnionof 1800, whichcombinedGreatBritainandIrelandintotheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland, containednoequivalentprovisionsbutpreservedtheprincipleofseparatecourtstobeheldinIreland, ofwhichthepartcalledNorthernIrelandremainspartoftheUnitedKingdom.
TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedKingdomisthehighestcourtinthelandforallcriminalandcivilcasesinEnglandandWalesandNorthern Ireland, and for all civil cases in Scots law. The Supreme Court came into being in October 2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. In England and Wales, the court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal cases). The Courts of Northern Ireland follow the same pattern. In Scotland the chief courts are the Court of Session, for civil cases, and the High Court of Justiciary, for criminal cases. Sheriff courts have no equivalent outside Scotland, as they deal with both criminal and civil caseloads.
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British overseas territories, and the British Crown dependencies. There are also immigration courts with UK-wide jurisdiction — the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and Special Immigration Appeals Commission. The Employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have jurisdiction throughout Great Britain, but not Northern Ireland.
Three legal systems
There are three distinct legal jurisdictions in the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Each has its own legal system, distinct history and origins.
English law
«English law» is a term of art. It refers to the legal system administered by the courts in England and Wales, which rule on both civil and criminal matters. English law is renowned as being the mother of the common law and is based on those principles. English law can be described as having its own legal doctrine, distinct from civil law legal systems since 1189. There has been no major codification of the law, and subject to statute, the law is developed by judges in court, applying statute, precedent and common sense to the facts before them, to give explanatory judgements of the relevant legal principles, which are reported and binding in future similar cases (stare decisis). In the early centuries, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the Writ system to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law, e.g., the Law Merchant began in the Pie-Powder Courts, see Court of Piepowder (a corruption of the Law French «pieds-poudrés» or «dusty feet», meaning ad hoc marketplace courts). As Parliament developed in strength, subject to the doctrine of separation of powers, legislation gradually overtook judicial law-making, so that today judges are only able to innovate in certain very narrowly-defined areas. The year 1189 was defined in 1276 as being the boundary of time immemorial.
The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal cases). The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the same jurisdiction, and often has persuasive effect in its other jurisdictions. On appeal, a court may overrule the decisions of its inferior courts, such as county courts (civil) and magistrates' courts (criminal). The High Court may also quash on judicial review both administrative decisions of the Government and delegated legislation. The ultimate body of appeal for all criminal and civil cases in England and Wales (and Northern Ireland, and for all civil cases in Scots law) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which took over this function from the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just referred to as «The House of Lords») in October 2009.
After the Acts of Union, in 1707 English law became one of two legal systems in different parts of the same, united, kingdom and has been influenced by Scots law, most notably in the development and integration of the law merchant by Lord Mansfield and in time the development of the law of negligence. Scottish influence may have influenced the abolition of the forms of action in the nineteenth century and extensive procedural reforms in the twentieth.
Northern Irish legal system
The law of Northern Ireland is a common law system. It is administered by the courts of Northern Ireland, with ultimate appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in both civil and criminal matters. The law of Northern Ireland is closely similar to English law, the rules of common law having been imported into the Kingdom of Ireland under English rule. However there are still important differences.
The sources of the law of Northern Ireland are English common law, and statute law. Of the latter, statutes of the Parliaments of Ireland, of the United Kingdom and of Northern Ireland are in force, and latterly statutes of the devolved Assembly. The courts of Northern Ireland are headed by the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland, consisting of the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal, the Northern Ireland High Court of Justice and the Northern Ireland Crown Court. Below that are county courts and magistrates' courts.
Scots law
Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. Grounded in uncodified civil law dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis, it also features elements of common law with medieval sources. Thus Scotland has a pluralistic, or 'mixed', legal system, comparable to that of South Africa, and, to a lesser degree, the partly codified pluralistic systems of Louisiana and Quebec. Since the Acts of Union, in 1707, it has shared a legislature with the rest of the United Kingdom. Scotland and England & Wales each retained fundamentally different legal systems, but the Union brought English influence on Scots law and vice versa. In recent years Scots law has also been affected by both European law under the Treaty of Rome and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament which may pass legislation within its areas of legislative competence as detailed by the Scotland Act 1998.
The chief courts are the Court of Session, for civil cases, and the High Court of Justiciary, for criminal cases. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law, with leave to appeal from the Court of Session not required as a general rule. Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known as sheriff solemn court, or with a sheriff and no jury, known as sheriff summary Court. The sheriff courts provide a local court service with 49 sheriff courts organised across six sheriffdoms. The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: «guilty», «not guilty» and «not proven». Both «not guilty» and «not proven» result in an acquittal with no possibility of retrial.
The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is the member of the Scottish Government responsible for the police, the courts and criminal justice, and the Scottish Prison Service, which manages the prisons in Scotland. Though the level of recorded crime in 2007/08 has fallen to the lowest for 25 years, the prison population, at over 8,000, is hitting record levels and is well above design capacity.
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