V. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык (письменно). AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Agricultural machines are used to till soil and to plant, cultivate and harvest crops. Since ancient times, when people began cultivating plants, they have used tools to help them grow and harvest crops. They used pointed tools to dig and keep soil loosened, and sharp, knife-like objects to harvest ripened crops. Modifications of these early implements led to the development of small hand tools that are still used in gardening, such as the spade, hoe, rake and trowel, and larger implements, such as ploughs and harrows that are drawn by simple machines.

Modern machinery is used extensively in Western Europe, Australia, the United States, the Russian Federation and Canada.

Modern large agricultural implements, adapted to large-scale farming methods, are usually powered by diesel- or petrol-fuelled internal combustion engines. The most important implement of modern agriculture is the tractor. It provides power, via its power shaft *, for the operation of machines drawn behind the tractor.

The PTO shafts of tractors can also be set up to drive belts that operate equipment such as feed grinders, pumps, and electric-power generators. Small implements, such as portable irrigators, may be powered by individual motors.

Use of agricultural machinery reduces the amount of human labour needed for growing and harvesting crops.

*power shaft = PTO shaft – вал отбора мощности

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные. (§ 1)

1. Can you tell me something about the specialists who work on this farm?

2. This model of a combine harvester was designed somewhere in the United States or Britain.

3. All these dairy machines are in good condition. You can use any of them on your farm.

4. This type of engine has almost no disadvantages.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите причастия, определите их функции. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (§ 4)

Образец: Designing new cars engineers use advanced technologies.-

designing – Participle I, обстоятельство

advanced – Participle II, определение

Конструируя новые автомобили, инженеры используют передовые технологии.

1. The petrol is pumped from the main tank to the small chamber, located above the cylinder.

2. When used on heavy soils track type tractors show good performance.

3. The CLAAS Company has started to produce its farm machinery in Russia.

4. Length, capacity and weight can be measured using standard units of the

International System.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивая в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык. (§ 2)

Образец:This company has started to produce its vehicles in our country.–

has started – Present Perfect Active

Эта компания начала производить свои автомобили в нашей стране.

1. Agricultural machines are used to till soil and to plant cereals and vegetables.

2. Every time we receive a new combine, there are some problems with documents.

3. You will see the modern farm equipment as soon as you come to our factory.

4. By the end of last year new cultivators had been bought by our farm.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивая в каждом из них модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык. ( § 3)

1. The Don harvester can overcome steep slopes and work in rice fields.

2. I understand your farm situation perfectly. You needn’t explain any further.

3. Jack ought not to go to bed so late: he is to pass exam tomorrow.

4. Unauthorized personnel must not be permitted to operate complex machinery.

V. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык (письменно).

IMPLEMENTS FOR GROWING CROPS

Many types of implements have been developed for the activities involved in growing crops. These activities include breaking ground, planting, weeding, fertilizing, and combating pests.

Ground is broken by ploughs to prepare the seed-bed. A plough consists of a blade-like ploughshare that cuts under, then lifts, turns, and pulverizes the soil. Modern tractor ploughs are usually equipped with two or more ploughshares so that a wide area of ground can be broken at a single sweep. Harrows are used to smooth the ploughed land and sometimes to cover seeds and fertilizer with earth. The disc harrow, which has curved, sharp-edged steel discs, is used mainly to cut up crop residues before ploughing and to bury weeds during seed-bed preparation. Rollers with V- shaped wheels break up clods of soil to improve the aeration of the soil and its capacity for taking in water.

Some cereal crops are still planted by scattering the seeds over a wide area. Specialized implements called planters are used for sowing crops that are planted in rows, such as maize. After crops have begun to grow, a cultivator is used to destroy weeds and aerate the soil. So, use of agricultural machinery substantially reduces the amount of human labour needed for growing crops.

Вариант 3

1. This device hasn’t any disadvantages, for it is our new modification launched last year.

2. If there are some new words in this text on tractors, use а dictionary.

3. I have no money, so I cannot buy anything now.

4. The new implement is so simple that anyone can attach or remove it from the combine.

Образец: Designing new cars engineers use advanced technologies.-

designing – Participle I, обстоятельство

advanced – Participle II, определение

Конструируя новые автомобили, инженеры используют передовые технологии.

1. Mendeleyev is known for his development of the Periodic table.

2. Tomorrow these inventors will be on the plant describing and illustrating new vehicles.

3. Performing all kinds of work this tractor type can be used for a wide range of tasks.

4. When grown in mild climatic conditions bean crops give high yields.

Образец:This company has started to produce its vehicles in our country.–

has started – Present Perfect Active

Эта компания начала производить свои автомобили в нашей стране.

1. Our engineers are currently working at the tractor engine design improvements.

2. The horse on farms was replaced by a primitive tractor.

3. Designing a new device the engineers carry out a lot of tests.

4. The production of John Deere combines will be increased next year.

1. Fertilizers can be applied during the winter months or shortly before seeding in spring.

2. You should enter the Agricultural University in Moscow.

3. Steels and its products may be used in different branches of industry and agriculture.

4. You are to be a good specialist in farm mechanization.

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