Give the English for the following word combinations
добывающая промышленность; обрабатывающая промышленность; сырьевые товары; увеличение потребления энергии; осуществить переход на возобновляемые источники энергии; стратегические запасы нефти; истощение запасов месторождений ископаемых энергоресурсов; истощаемые ресурсы; экономить за счет использования энергосберегающего оборудования; промышленно-развитые страны; установить оборудование; поставлять комплектующие; поставщики товаров производственного назначения; разработать продукт; постоянные и переменные издержки; конечный потребитель; потребительские товары длительного пользования; факторы производства;арендовать склад; сокращать издержки; ресурсоемкое производство; наукоемкая отрасль.
Exercise № 3
Suggest the Russian for the following word combinations.
to convert raw materials into components; extraction of solid mineral resources; to sell to households for final consumption;to produce goods and services with greater value added;exploration and development of oil or gas reserves; refinement of raw materials;discovery of mineral deposits;fossil fuels; nuclear power plant; to cause environmental pollution and global warming; fuel-intensive mode of transportation; power supply; fuel economy; exhaustible resources; rising fuel prices; energy-intensive industries; increasing conventional energy consumption; to draw the supply down; trade in commodities; to produce durable goods; higher labour productivity; lower efficiency; little growth prospects; to develop sunrise industries; entrepreneurship sense; capital goods; to rent a warehouse; to assemble finished goods; knowledge-intensive industry; accounting department; to provide information services; advertising company; modern production techniques; depletion of deposits; to rely on electric power; oil shale boom.
LISTENING AND VIEWING
Go to
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· The Modern Economy Primary, Secondary Tertiary Sectorshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQt3hEUTnXo
· Industryhttp://www.investopedia.com/video/play/factors-production/
· Factors of Productionhttp://www.investopedia.com/video/play/factors-production/
· Tertiary Industryhttp://www.investopedia.com/video/play/tertiary-industry/
Watch and listen.
Sum up the contents.
READING AND SPEAKING I
Read the article and answer the questions that follow.
The Third Industrial Revolution
The digitization of manufacturing will transform the way goods are made – and change the politics of jobs too.
The first industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century, with the mechanization of the textile industry. Tasks previously done laboriously by hand in hundreds of weavers’ cottages were brought together in a single cotton mill, and the factory was born. The second industrial revolution came in the early 20th century, when Henry Ford mastered the moving assembly line and ushered in the age of mass production. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban. Now a third revolution is under way. Manufacturing is going digital. As this week’s special report argues, this could change not just business, but much else besides.
The old way of making things involved taking lots of parts and screwing or welding them together. Now a product can be designed on a computer and “printed” on a 3D printer. The 3D printer can run unattended, and can make many things which are too complex for a traditional factory to handle. In time, these amazing machines may be able to make almost anything, anywhere—from your garage to an African village.
Other changes are nearly as momentous. New materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. Carbon fibre is replacing steel and aluminium. Nanotechnology is giving products enhanced features, such as bandages that help heal cuts, engines that run more efficiently and crockery that cleans more easily. Genetically engineered viruses are being developed to make items such as batteries. And with the internet allowing ever more designers to collaborate on new products, the barriers to entry are falling. Ford needed heaps of capital to build his colossal River Rouge factory; his modern equivalent can start with little besides a laptop and a hunger to invent.
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Like all revolutions, this one will be disruptive. Digital technology has already rocked the media and retailing industries. Many people will look at the factories of the future and shudder. They will not be full of grimy machines manned by men in oily overalls. Many will be squeaky clean—and almost deserted. Some carmakers already produce twice as many vehicles per employee as they did only a decade or so ago. Most jobs will not be on the factory floor but in the offices nearby, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT specialists, logistics experts, marketing staff and other professionals. The manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills. Many dull, repetitive tasks will become obsolete: you no longer need riveters when a product has no rivets.
The revolution will affect not only how things are made, but where. Factories used to move to low-wage countries to curb labour costs. But labour costs are becoming less and less important: a $499 first-generation iPad included only about $33 of manufacturing labour, of which the final assembly in China accounted for just $8. Offshore production is increasingly moving back to rich countries not because Chinese wages are rising, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so that they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so sophisticated that it helps to have the people who design them and the people who make them in the same place. The Boston Consulting Group reckons that in areas such as transport, computers, fabricated metals and machinery, 10-30% of the goods that America now imports from China could be made at home by 2020, boosting American output by $20 billion-55 billion a year.
Consumers will have little difficulty adapting to the new age of better products, swiftly delivered. Governments, however, may find it harder. Their instinct is to protect industries and companies that already exist, not the upstarts that would destroy them. They shower old factories with subsidies and bully bosses who want to move production abroad. They spend billions backing the new technologies which they, in their wisdom, think will prevail. And they cling to a romantic belief that manufacturing is superior to services, let alone finance.
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None of this makes sense. The lines between manufacturing and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines; it sells the hours that each engine is actually thrusting an aeroplane through the sky. Governments have always been bad at picking winners, and they are likely to become more so. As the revolution rages, governments should stick to the basics: better schools for a skilled workforce, clear rules and a level playing field for enterprises of all kinds. Leave the rest to the revolutionaries.
The Economist, April 22nd, 2012
NOTES
1. offshoreproduction– производство, перенесенное за рубеж (например, в страны с более низкими издержками)
2. levelplayingfield – равные возможности, равные условия
USEFUL TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS
· movingassemblyline– движущаяся сборочная линия, конвейер
· mass production– массовоепроизводство
· disruptive– разрушительный, приносящийвред, подрывающий
· retail(ing)– розничнаяторговля
· upstart (syn.start-up)– недавно созданная компания
· subsidy– субсидия
Answer the questions.
1. What is an industrial revolution? What are the basic differences between the three industrial revolutions mentioned in the article?
2. What are the key features of the current industrial revolution?
3. Which positive and negative consequences will the current industrial revolution have for companies, consumers and workers?
4. Why will it be harder for governments to adapt to the new conditions?
5. Do you agree with the recommendations which the author gives to governments in the last paragraph? Why or why not?
READING AND SPEAKING II
What does the term “offshoring” imply? What is the main distinction between “offshoring” and “outsourcing”, if any? What are the most common motives for offshoring production or services? Search the Internet for the information, if necessary.
Comment on the headline.
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