Comprehension and Discussion Questions. 1. What is the environmental impact of transportation and what is being done to prevent it?
1. What is the environmental impact of transportation and what is being done to prevent it?
2. What problems does congestion cause?
3. How does transportation effect the quality of life?
Ex. 1. Read the text and do the tasks:
a) Enumerate the environmental problems mentioned in the text.
b) Give derivatives of the word “to pollute” and their synonyms.
c) Explain the meaning of the word “congestion”.
Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences into English in writing. Make use of the Vocabulary notes, if necessary.
a) В последние годы большое внимание уделяется проблемам загрязнения окружающей среды, особенно воздействию на окружающую среду транспорта. Имеются в виду такие явления, как чрезмерный шум, создаваемый авиацией, загрязнение атмосферы выхлопными газами автотранспорта, загрязнение воды и суши, вред, наносимый транспортом местам обитания диких животных и так далее.
b) Все виды деятельности способствуют загрязнению окружающей среды, однако, ущерб, причиняемый транспортом, особенно заметен.
c) Скопление транспорта в городах и районах деловой активности создаёт ещё одну проблему. Это стоит людям времени и денег, а также сказывается на их жизни. Расшатанные нервы, нарушенный распорядок дня и другие, связанные с опозданием транспорта неприятности – вот плата за услуги миллионов пользователей транспортных средств и тех, кто ими управляет.
Ex. 3. The extracts below describe the early stage of the development of transport. Read them and make a comparison with the development of transport in Africa.
The railway, for more than half a century, was practically unchallenged as a means of inland transport. From about the time of the First World War it had to meet stronger competition. Where a good road system was available, or could be created, motor vehicles became increasingly convenient for passenger journeys. The change was most evident in the USA, which has consistently had in use a larger number of motor vehicles than all the rest of the world together and which, by constructing great transcontinental highways, enabled the motor vehicles to compete for more of the longest-distance traffic than was practicable elsewhere.
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Ex. 4. Basing your answer on the text speak on Japanese car makers in European market.
The Japanese came to Britain partly for low wage-costs and a welcoming government, but mostly because it is in Europe. Japanese car makers are laying ever more stress on European sales. Their traditional markets are taking a knock – home demand is faltering, American competitors are learning the tricks of lean manufacture, and Asian competitors grow stronger. Than leaves Europe.
Until 2000, when the EC promise an open market, Japanese imports are restricted by quota. Britain is a hole in Europe’s defensive wall. Britain has attracted over 40% of Japanese direct investment in the EC, and the bulk of Japanese car plants. The plants bring employment, money for equipment and research, and lesson in the art of manufacturing. Provided the content of cars built in Japanese factories in Britain is about 80% local, the continental Europeans cannot keep them out. Through EC demand is expected to fall, output from all Japan’s EC factories should rise by over 50%.
The Europeans are trying to dam the tide. Japan’s “voluntary” import quotas have been tightened to offset the growth of the transplants. The European Commission persuaded the Japanese government to cut 1993 car imports by 9,4 from last year, even through it thinks EC demand will fall by only 6,5%.
Ex. 5. Read the following texts and use them as the basis for your interview. Work in pairs. Discuss telecommunications facilities, their development and advantages.
The new global satellite-communications systems will offer three kinds of service, which may overlap in many different kind of receivers:
Voice. Satellite telephones will be able to make calls from anywhere on earth to anywhere else. That could make them especially useful to remote, third-world villages (some of which already use stationary satellite telephones), explorers and disaster-relief standards vary from country to country. So business traveler cannot use their mobile phones on international trips. Satellite telephones would make that possible.
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Messaging. Satellite messagers have the same global coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which could be useful for those with laptop computers. Equipped with a small screen like today’s pagers, satellite messagers will also receive short messages.
Tracking. Voice and messaging systems will also tell their users where they are to within a few hundred metres. Combined with the messaging service, the location service could help rescue teams to find stranded adventurers, the police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes, and haulage companies to check that drivers are not detouring to the pub. Satellite systems will provide better positioning information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.
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