Правовые справочные документы 4 страница
http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/effeurope/ifpi_filtering_memo.pdf; Regarding self-regulatory approaches see: ISPA Code Review, Self-Regulation of Internet Service Providers, 2002, available at: http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/selfregulation/iapcoda/0211xx-ispa-study.pdf.
[231] ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 34, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.
[232] See for example the "G8 Communique", Genoa Summit, 2001, available at: http://www.g8.gc.ca/genoa/july-22-01-1-e.asp.
[233] United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child, A/RES/44/25, available at: http://www.hrweb.org/legal/child.html. Regarding the importance for Cybercrime legislation see: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 35, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.
[234] Council Framework Decision on combating the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, 2004/68/JHA, available at: http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2004/l_013/l_01320040120en00440048.pdf.
[235] Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, CETS No: 201, available at: http:// http://conventions.coe.int.
[236] Sieber, "Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004", page 135. Regarding the means of distribution, see: Wortley/Smallbone, Child Pornography on the Internet, page 10 et seq., available at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1729.
[237] See: Wolak/Finkelhor/Mitchell, "Child-Pornography Possessors Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes: Findings From the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf.
[238] See: Wolak/Finkelhor/Mitchell, "Child-Pornography Possessors Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes: Findings From the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf.
[239] For more information, see "Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review", 2006, page 2, available at: http://www.icmec.org/en_X1/pdf/ModelLegislationFINAL.pdf.
[240] See Walden, "Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations", page 66.
[241] It is possible to make big profits in a rather short period of time by offering child pornography - this is one way how terrorist cells can finance their activities, without depending on donations.
|
|
|
[242] "Police authorities and search engines forms alliance to beat child pornography", available at: http://about.picsearch.com/p_releases/police- authorities-and-search-engines-forms-alliance-to-beat-child-pornography/; "Google accused of profiting from child porn", available at: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/10/google_sued_for_promoting_illegal_content/print.html.
[243] See ABA "International Guide to Combating Cybercrime", page 73.
[244] Regarding the use of electronic currencies in money-laundering activities, see: Ehrlich, "Harvard Journal of Law & Technology", Volume 11, page 840 et seqq.
[245] For more information, see Wilson, "Banking on the Net: Extending Bank Regulations to Electronic Money and Beyond".
[246] Smith, "Child pornography operation occasions scrutiny of millions of credit card transactions",, available at: http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/print/83427.
255 See below: Chapter 3.2.13.
[248] Based on the "National Juvenile Online Victimisation Study", 12% of arrested possessors of Internet-related child pornography used encryption technology to prevent access to their files. Wolak/ Finkelhor/Mitchell, Child-Pornography Possessors Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes: Findings From the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study, 2005, page 9, available at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf.
[249] See below: Chapter 3.2.13.
[250] For an overview about the different obligations of Internet Service Providers that are already implemented or under discussion see: Gercke, Obligations of Internet Service Providers with regard to child pornography: legal issue, 2009, available at www.coe.int/cybercrime.
[251] Radical groups in the United States recognised the advantages of the Internet for furthering their agenda at an early stage. See Markoff, "Some computer conversation is changing human contact", NY-Times, 13.05.1990.
[252] Sieber, "Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004", page 138.
|
|
|
[253] Akdeniz, "Governance of Hate Speech on the Internet in Europe", in "Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region", page 91, available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf.
[254] See "Digital Terrorism & Hate 2006", available at: http://www.wiesenthal.com.
[255] Whine, "Online Propaganda and the Commission of Hate Crime", available at: http://www.osce.org/documents/cio/2004/06/3162_en.pdf
[256] See "ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime", page 53.
[257] Regarding the criminalisation in the United States see: Tsesis, Prohibiting Incitement on the Internet, Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 7, 2002, available at: http://www.vjolt.net/vol7/issue2/v7i2_a05-Tsesis.pdf.
[258] Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95- 815.pdf.
[259] See Greenberg, A Return to Liliput: The Licra vs. Yahoo! Case and the Regulation of Online Content in the World Market, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 18, page 1191 et seq.; Van Houweling; Enforcement of Foreign Judgements, The First Amendment, and Internet Speech: Note for the Next Yahoo! v. Licra, Michigan Journal of International Law, 2003, page 697 et. seq. Development in the Law, The Law of Media, Harvard Law Review, Vol 120, page1041.
|
|
|
[260] See"Yahoo Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme Et L"antisemitisme", 169 F.Supp. 2d 1181, 1192 (N.D. Cal 2001). Available at: http://www.courtlinkeaccess.com/DocketDirect/FShowDocket.asp?Code=2131382989419499419449389349389379615191991.
[261] Gercke, The Slow Wake of a Global Approach against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International, 2006, 144.
[262] See "Explanatory Report to the First Additional Protocol", No. 4.
[263] See Barkham, Religious hatred flourishes on web, The Guardian, 11.05.2004, available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1213727,00.html.
[264] Regarding legislative approaches in the United Kingdom see Walden, Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 2006, Chapter 3.192.
[265] Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95- 815.pdf.
[266] Haraszti, Preface, in "Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region", available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf.
[267] For more information on the "Cartoon Dispute", see: the Times Online, "70.000 gather for violent Pakistan cartoons protest", available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article731005.ece; Anderson, "Cartoons of Prophet Met With Outrage", Washington Post, available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/30/AR2006013001316.html; Rose, "Why I published those cartoons", Washington Post, available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/17/AR2006021702499.html.
|
|
|
[268] Sec. 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code: 295-C. Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Holy Prophet: Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation or by any imputation, innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet Mohammed (Peace be Upon Him) shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.
[269] Sec. 295-B of the Pakistan Penal Code:
295-B. Defiling, etc., of Holy Qur'an: Whoever wilfully defiles, damages or desecrates a copy of the Holy Qur'an or of an extract there from or uses it in any derogatory manner or for any unlawful purpose shall be punishable with imprisonment for life.
[270] Regarding the growing importance of internet gambling see: Landes, "Layovers And Cargo Ships: The Prohibition Of Internet Gambling And A Proposed System Of Regulation", available at: http://www.law.nyu.edu/JOURNALS/LAWREVIEW/issues/vol82/no3/NYU306.pdf; Brown/Raysman, Property Rights in Cyberspace Games and other novel legal issues in virtual property, The Indian Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 2, 2006, page 87 et seq, available at: http://www.nls.ac.in/students/IJLT/resources/2_Indian_JL&Tech_87.pdf.
[271] http://www.secondlife.com.
[272] The number of accounts published by Linden Lab. See: http://www.secondlife.com/whatis/. Regarding Second Life in general, see Harkin, "Get a (second) life", Financial Times, available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/cf9b81c2-753a-11db-aea1-0000779e2340.html.
[273] Heise News, 15.11.2006, available at: http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/81088; DIE ZEIT, 04.01.2007, page 19.
2>H BBC News, 09.05.2007 Second Life 'child abuse' claim,, available at: http://news.bbc.co.ukZ1/hi/technology/6638331.stm.
[275] Leapman, "Second Life world may be haven for terrorists", Sunday Telegraph, 14.05.2007, available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/13/ntemet13.xml; Reuters, "UK panel urges real-life treatment for virtual cash", 14.05.2007, available at: http://secondlife.reuters.com/stories/2007/05/14/uk-panel-urges-real-life-treatment-for-virtual-cash/.
[276] See Olson, Betting No End to Internet Gambling, Journal of Technology Law and Policy, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 1999, available at: http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/vol4/issue1/olson.html.
[277] Christiansen Capital Advisor. See http://www.cca-i.com/Primary%20Navigation/Online%20Data%20Store/internet_gambling_data.htm.
[278] The revenue of United States casinos in 2005 (without Internet gambling) was more than USD 84 billion, from: Landes, Layovers And Cargo Ships: "The Prohibition Of Internet Gambling And A Proposed System Of Regulation", page 915, available at:
[279] http://www.law.nyu.edu/JOURNALS/LAWREVIEW/issues/vol82/no3/NYU306.pdf;
287 See, for example, GAO, "Internet Gambling - An Overview of the Issues", available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0389.pdf; Regarding the WTO Proceedings, "US Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services", see:
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds285_e.htm; Article 21.5 panel concluded that the United States had failed to comply with the recommendations and rulings of the DSB.
[280] For more information, see: BBC News, "Tiny Macau overtakes Las Vegas", at: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/business/6083624.stm.
[281] See Art. 300 China Criminal Code:
Whoever, for the purpose of reaping profits, assembles a crew to engage in gambling, opens a gambling house, or makes an occupation of gambling, is to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment, criminal detention, or control, in addition to a fine.
[282] Besides gambling in Macau, Chinese have started to use Internet gambling intensively. See: "Online Gambling challenges China's gambling ban", available at http://www.chinanews.cn/news/2004/2005-03-18/2629.shtml.
[283] For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_casino.
[284] See OSCE Report on Money Laundering Typologies 2000 - 2001, page 3, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/36/34038090.pdf; Coates, Online casinos used to launder cash, available at:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article620834.ece?print=yes&randnum=1187529372681.
[285] See, for example, "Online Gambling challenges China's gambling ban", available at: http://www.chinanews.cn/news/2004/2005-03-18/2629.shtml.
[286] For an overview of the early United States legislation see: Olson, Betting No End to Internet Gambling, Journal of Technology Law and Policy, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 1999, available at: http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/vol4/issue1/olson.html.
[287] See § 5367 Internet Gambling Prohibition Enforcement Act.
[288] See Reder/O"Brien, Corporate Cybersmear: Employers File John Doe Defamation Lawsuits Seeking The Identity Of Anonymous Employee Internet Posters, Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. 195, 2002, page 196, available at http://www.mttlr.org/voleight/Reder.pdf.
[289] Regarding the situation in blogs see: Reynolds, Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts" Washington University Law Review, 2006, page 1157 et. seq., available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=898013; Solove, A Tale of Two Bloggers: Free Speech and Privacy in the Blogosphere, Washington University Law Review, Vol. 84, 2006, page 1195 et seq., available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=901120; Malloy, Anonymous Bloggers And Defamation: Balancing Interests On The Internet, Washington University Law Review, Vol 84, 2006, page 1187 et. seq., available at: http://law.wustl.edu/WULR/84-5/malloy.pdf.
[290] Regarding the privacy concerns related to those social networks see: Hansen/Meissner (ed.), Linking digital identities, page 8 - An executive summary is available in English (page 8-9). The report is available at: https://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/projekte/verkettung/2007-uld-tud- verkettung-digitaler-identitaeten-bmbf.pdf.
[291] Regarding the controversial discussion about the criminalisation of defamation see: Freedom of Expression, Free Media and Information, Statement of Mr. McNamara, US Delegation to the OSCE, October 2003, available at:
http://osce.usmission.gov/archive/2003/10/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION.pdf; Lisby, No Place in the Law: Criminal Libel in American Jurisprudence, 2004, available at: http://www2.gsu.edu/~jougcl/projects/40anniversary/criminallibel.pdf; Regarding the development of the offence see: Walker, Reforming the Crime of Libel, New York Law School Law Review, Vol. 50, 2005/2006, page 169, available at: http://www.nyls.edu/pdfs/NLRVol50-106.pdf; Kirtley, Criminal Defamation: An "Instrument of Destruction, 2003, available at: http://www.silha.umn.edu/oscepapercriminaldefamation.pdf. Defining Defamation, Principles on Freedom of Expression and Protection of Reputation, 2000, available at: http://www.article19.org/pdfs/standards/definingdefamation.pdf.
[292] See Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 105.
[293] With regard to the challenges of investigating offences linked to anonymous services see below: Chapter 3.2.l2.
[294] See: http://www.wikipedia.org
[295] See Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 145.
[296] See Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 145.
[297] Similar difficulties can be identified with regard to the availability of information through the cache function of search engines and web archives, such as http://www.archive.org
[298] Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf.
[299] See in this context Reynolds, Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts" Washington University Law Review, 2006, page 1157 et. seq., available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=898013; Solove, A Tale of Two Bloggers: Free Speech and Privacy in the Blogosphere, Washington University Law Review, Vol. 84, 2006, page 1195 et seq., available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=901120; Malloy, Anonymous Bloggers And Defamation: Balancing Interests On The Internet, Washington University Law Review, Vol 84, 2006, page 1187 et. seq., available at: http://law.wustl.edu/WULR/84-5/malloy.pdf.
[300] For a more precise definition, see: ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf.
[301] Tempelton, "Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978", available at: http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html.
[302] Regarding the development of spam e-mails, see: Sunner, 'security Landscape Update 2007", page 3, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/pgc/2007/events/presentations/session2-sunner-C5-meeting-14-may-2007.pdf.
[303] The Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group reported in 2005 that up to 85 per cent of all e-mails were spam. See: http://www.maawg.org/about/FINAL_4Q2005_Metrics_Report.pdf. The provider Postini published a report in 2007 identifying up to 75 per cent spam e-mail, see http://www.postini.com/stats/. The Spam-Filter-Review identifies up to 40 per cent spam e-mail, see http://spam-filter- review.toptenreviews.com/spam-statistics.html.
Article in The Sydney Morning Herald, "2006: The year we were spammed a lot", 16 December 2006; http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/ 2006-the-year-we-were-spammed-a-lot/2006/12/18/1166290467781.html, available April 2007.
[304] "2007 Sophos Report on Spam-relaying countries", available at: http://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2007/07/dirtydozjul07.html.
[305] For more information about the technology used to identify spam e-mails see Hernan/Cutler/Harris, Email Spamming Countermeasures: Detection and Prevention of Email Spamming, available at: http://www.ciac.org/ciac/bulletins/i-005c.shtml; For an overview on different approaches see: BIAC ICC Discussion Paper on SPAM, 2004, available at:
http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/spam/contributions/ITU%20workshop%20on%20spam%20BIAC%20ICCP%20Spam%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf
[306] Lui/Stamm, "Fighting Unicode-Obfuscated Spam", 2007, page 1, available at: http://www.ecrimeresearch.org/2007/proceedings/p45_liu.pdf.
[307] Re the filter technologies available, see: Goodman, 'spam: Technologies and Politics, 2003", available at: http://research.microsoft.com/~joshuago/spamtech.pdf. Regarding user-oriented spam prevention techniques, see: Rotenberg/Liskow, ITU WSIS Thematic Meeting On Countering Spam, "Consumer Perspectives On Spam: Challenges And Challenges", available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/contributions/Background%20Paper_A%20consumer%20perspective%20on%20spam.pdf.
[308] Botnets is a short term for a group of compromised computers running programmes that are under external control. For more details, see Wilson, Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress, 2007, page 4, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf.
[309] Current analyses suggest that up to a quarter of all computer systems may have been recruited to act as part of botnets. See Weber, "Criminals may overwhelm the web", BBC News, 25.01.2007, available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/business/6298641.stm.
[310] Regarding inernational approaches in the fight against Botnets see: ITU Botnet Mitigation Toolkit, B ackground Information, ICT Application and Cybersecurity Division, Policies and Strategies Department, ITU Telecommunication Sector, 2008, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU- D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-botnet-mitigation-toolkit-background.pdf.
[311] See: Allmann, "The Economics of Spam", available at: http://acmqueue.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=108; Prince, ITU Discussion Paper "Countering Spam: How to Craft an Effective Anti-Spam Law", page 3 with further references, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/contributions/Background%20Paper_How%20to%20craft%20and%20effective%20anti-spam%20law.pdf.
[312] Bulk discounts for spam, Heise News, 23.10.2007, available at: http://www.heise-security.co.uk/news/97803.
[313] Thorhallsson, "A User Perspective on Spam and Phishing", in "Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region", page 208, available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf
[314] 'spam Issue in Developing Countries", available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/34935342.pdf
[315] See 'spam Issue in Developing Countries", Page 4, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/34935342.pdf
[316] See Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 140.
[317] See for example the United States International Traffic in Arms Regulation or the Wassenaar Agreement, which is a convention on arms control. 40 countries already participate in the agreement. For more information, see: http://www.wassenaar.org/publicdocuments/whatis.html or Grimmett, Military Technology and Conventional Weapons Export Controls: The Wassenaar Arrangement.
[318] See in this context: Council of Europe, Resolution ResAP(2007)2 on good practices for distributing medicines via mail order which protect patient safety and the quality of the delivered medicine, available at:
https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=ResAP(2007)2&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=9999CC&BackColorI ntranet=FFBB55 &B ackColorLogged=FFAC75.
[319] See for example Henney, "Cyberpharmacies and the role of the US Food And Drug Administration", available at: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4602/jmir.html; De Clippele, Legal aspects of online pharmacies, Acta Chir Belg, 2004, 104, page 364, available at: http://www.belsurg.org/imgupload/RBSS/DeClippele_0404.pdf; Basal, "What's a Legal System to Do? The Problem of Regulating Internet Pharmacies", available at:
https://www.tnybf.org/success%20stories/2006%20Meyer%20Scholarship%20Recipient%20Essay.pdf.
[320] See: See Conway, "Terrorist Uses of the Internet and Fighting Back, Information and Security", 2006, page 16, United States Department of Justice 1997 Report on the availability of bomb-making information, available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crimmal/cybercrime/bombmakingMo.html; Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 141.
[321] E.g. by offering the download of files containing music, movies or books.
[322] Regarding the ongoing transition process, see: "OECD Information Technology Outlook 2006", Highlights, page 10, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/27/59/37487604.pdf.
[323] See Hartstack, Die Musikindustrie unter Einfluss der Digitalisierung, Page 34 et seqq.
[324] Besides these improvements, digitalisation has speeded up the production of the copies and lowered the costs that were one of the key drivers for the industry to perform the transition to digital-based technologies.
[325] Digital Rights Management describes access control technology used to limit the usage of digital media. For further information, see: Cunard/Hill/Barlas, "Current developments in the field of digital rights management", available at:
http://www.wipo.int/documents/en/meetings/2003/sccr/pdf/sccr_10_2.pdf; Lohmann, Digital Rights Management: The Skeptics' View, available at: http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/20030401_drm_skeptics_view.pdf. Baesler, Technological Protection Measures in the United States, the European Union and Germany: How much fair use do we need in the digital world, Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 8, 2003, available at: http://www.vjolt.net/vol8/issue3/v8i3_a13-Baesler.pdf.
[326] Peer-to-Peer (P2P) describes direct connectivity between participants in networks instead of communicating over conventional centralized server-based structures. See: Schoder/Fischbach/Schmitt, "Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer Networking, 2005", available at: http://www.idea-group.com/downloads/excerpts/Subramanian01.pdf; Androutsellis-Theotokis/Spinellis, "A Survey of Peer-to- Peer Content Distribution Technologies, 2004", available at: http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.pdf.
Дата добавления: 2015-12-19; просмотров: 11; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!