Правовые справочные документы 2 страница
[56] See below: Chapter 5.5. See for example the following surveys on national Cybercrime legislation: ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide, 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf; Mitchison/Wilikens/Breitenbach/Urry/Portesi - Identity Theft - A discussion paper, page 23 et seq, available at: https://www.prime- project,eu/community/furtherreading/studies/IDTheftFIN.pdf; Legislative Approaches to Identity Theft: An Overview, CIPPIC Working Paper No.3, 2007; Schjolberg, The legal framework - unauthorized access to computer systems - penal legislation in 44 countries, available at: http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html.
[56] The different legal traditions with regard to illegal content was one reason why certain aspects of illegal content are not included in the Convention on Cybercrime, but addressed in an additional protocol. See below: Chapter 2.5.
[57] With regard to the different national approaches towards the criminalisation of child pornography, See for example Sieber, Kinderpornographie, Jugendschutz und Providerverantwortlichkeit im Internet, 1999.
[58] Regarding the network protocols see: Tanebaum, Computer Networks; Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP - Principles, Protocols and Architecture.
[59] The most important communication protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and the IP (Internet Protocol). For further information, see: Tanebaum, Computer Networks; Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP - Principles, Protocols and Architecture.
[60] Regarding the technical standardisation see: OECD, Internet Address Space, Economic Consideration in the Management of IPv4 and in the Development of IPv6, 2007, DSTI/ICCP(2007)20/FINAL, available at: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/06/15/T061500000A0015PDFE.pdf; Regarding the importance of single technical as well as single legal standards see: Gercke, National, Regional and International Approaches in the Fight Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International, 2008, page 7 et. seqq.
[61] Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems (CETS No. 189), available at http://www.conventions.coe.int.
[62] Since parties participating in the negotiation could not agree on a common position on the criminalisation of the dissemination of xenophobic material, provisions related to this topic were integrated into a First Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime.
|
|
|
[63] See Zittrain, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 2006, Vol. 19, No. 2, page 253 et seq.
[64] This was for example discussed within the famous Yahoo-decision. See: Poullet, The Yahoo! Inc. case or the revenge of the law on the technology?, available at: http://www.juriscom.net/en/uni/doc/yahoo/poullet.htm; Goldsmith/Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World, 2006, page 2 et seq.
[65] A possibility to circumvent geo-targeting strategies is the use of proxy servers that are located abroad.
[66] The OpenNet Initiative is a transatlantic group of academic institutions that reports about Internet filtering and surveillance. Among others, the Harvard Law School and the University of Oxford participate in the network. For more information see: http://www.opennet.net.
[67] Haraszti, Preface, in Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region, available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf.
[68] See below: Chapter 4.
[69] See with regard to the costs of technical protection measures required to fight against spam: OECD, 'spam Issues in Developing Countries", DSTI/CP/ICCP/SPAM(2005)6/FINAL, 2005, page 4, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd75/47/34935342.pdf.
[70] Regarding cybersecurity in developing countries see: World Information Society Report 2007, page 95, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/worldinformationsociety/2007/WISR07_full-free.pdf.
[71] One example is spam. The term "Spam" describes the process of sending out unsolicited bulk messages. For a more precise definition, see: "ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide 2005", page 5, available at:
http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf. Due to their limited resources, spam may pose a more serious issue for developing countries than for industrialised countries. See OECD: 'spam Issue in Developing Countries", DSTI/CP/ICCP/SPAM(2005)6/FINAL, 2005, page 4, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/34935342.pdf
[72] For more details about the elements of an anti-cybercrime strategy see below: Chapter 4.
|
|
|
Regarding approaches to define and categorise cybercrime See for example: Cybercrime, Definition and General Information, Australian Institute for Criminology, available at: http://www.aic.gov.au/topics/cybercrime/definitions.html; Explanatory Report to the Convention on Cybercrime, No. 8. Gordon/Ford,, On the Definition and Classification of Cybercrime, Journal in Computer Virology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2006, page 13-20; Chawki, Cybercrime in France: An Overview, 2005, available at: http://www.crime-research.org/articles/cybercrime-in-france-overview/; Wilson, Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress, 2007, page 4, available at:
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf; Cybercrime, Report of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, 2004, page 5, available at: http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/Committee/acc_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/cybercrime/report/report.pdf; Hayden, Cybercrime's impact on Information security, Cybercrime and Security, IA-3, page 3.; Hale, Cybercrime: Facts & Figures Concerning this Global Dilemma, CJI 2002, Vol. 18, available at: http://www.cjcenter.org/cjcenter/publications/cji/archives/cji.php?id=37 Forst, Cybercrime: Appellate Court Interpretations, 1999, page 1;
[74] See for example: Carter, Computer Crime Categories: How Techno-Criminals Operate, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 1995, page 21, available at: http://www.fiu.edu/~cohne/Theory%20F08/Ch%2014%20-%20Types%20of%20computer%20crime.pdf; Charney, Computer Crime: Law Enforcement's Shift from a Corporeal Environment to the Intangible, Electronic World of Cyberspace, Federal Bar News, 1994, Vol. 41, Issue 7, page 489 et. seqq.; Goodman, Why the Policy don"t care about Computer Crime, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3; page 469.
[75] The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the United States in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:
|
|
|
http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2002/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, 2002, page 78.
[76] Article 1
Definitions and Use of Terms For the purposes of this Convention:
1. "cyber crime" means conduct, with respect to cyber systems, that is classified as an offense punishable by this Convention; [...]
[77] See Hayden, Cybercrime's impact on Information security, Cybercrime and Security, IA-3, page 3.
[78] Hale, Cybercrime: Facts & Figures Concerning this Global Dilemma, CJI 2002, Vol. 18, available at: http://www.cjcenter.org/cjcenter/publications/cji/archives/cji.php?id=37
[79] Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (CETS No. 185), available at: http://conventions.coe.int. For more details about the offences covered by the Convention see below: Chapter 6.1.; Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; Gercke, The Slow Awake of a Global Approach Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International, 2006, 140 et seq.; Gercke, National, Regional and International Aproaches in the Fight Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International 2008, page 7 et. seqq; Aldesco, The Demise of Anonymity: A Constitutional Challenge to the Convention on Cybercrime, Entertainment Law Review, 2002, No. 1, available at: http://elr.lls.edu/issues/v23- issue1/aldesco.pdf; Jones, The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, Themes and Critiques, 2005, available at: http://www.cistp.gatech.edu/snsp/cybersecurity/materials/callieCOEconvention.pdf; Broadhurst, Development in the global law enforcement of cyber-crime, in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 29(2), 2006, page 408 et seq; Adoption of Convention on Cybercrime, International Journal of International Law, Vol 95, No.4, 2001, page 889 et seq.
|
|
|
[80] Universal Serial Bus (USB)
[81] Article 4 - Data Interference:
(1) Each Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data without right.
(2)A Party may reserve the right to require that the conduct described in paragraph 1 result in serious harm.
[82] For difficulties related to the application of cybercrime definition to real-world crimes see: Brenner, Cybercrime Metrics: Old Wine, New Bottles?, Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 9, 2004, available at: http://www.vjolt.net/vol9/issue4/v9i4_a13-Brenner.pdf.
[83] In civil law countries, the use of such a legal term could lead to conflicts with the principle of certainty.
[84] Some of the most well known cybercrime offences are illegal access, illegal interception of computer data, data interference, computer-related fraud, computer-related forgery, dissemination of child pornography. For an overview see: Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004; ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, 2002; Williams, Cybercrime, 2005, in Miller, Encyclopaedia of Criminology.
[85] Gordon/Ford, On the Definition and Classification of Cybercrime, Journal in Computer Virology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2006, page 13-20; Chawki, Cybercrime in France: An Overview, 2005, available at: http://www.crime-research.org/articles/cybercrime-in-france-overview; Gordon/Hosmer/Siedsma/Rebovich, Assessing Technology, Methods, and Information for Committing and Combating Cyber Crime, 2003, available at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/198421.pdf.
[86] Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (CETS No. 185), available at: http;//conventions.coe.int. Regarding the Convention on Cybercrime see: Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; Gercke, The Slow Awake of a Global Approach Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International, 2006, 140 et seq.; Gercke, National, Regional and International Aproaches in the Fight Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International 2008, page 7 et. seqq; Aldesco, The Demise of Anonymity: A Constitutional Challenge to the Convention on Cybercrime, Entertainment Law Review, 2002, No. 1, available at: http://elr.lls.edu/issues/v23-issue1/aldesco.pdf; Jones, The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, Themes and Critiques, 2005, available at:
http://www.cistp.gatech.edu/snsp/cybersecurity/materials/callieCOEconvention.pdf; Broadhurst, Development in the global law enforcement of cyber-crime, in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 29(2), 2006, page 408 et seq; Adoption of Convention on Cybercrime, International Journal of International Law, Vol 95, No.4, 2001, page 889 et seq.
[87] The same typology is used by the ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008. The report is available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.
[88] Art. 2 (Illegal access), Art. 3 (Illegal interception), Art. 4 (Data interference), Art. 5 (System interference), Art. 6 (Misuse of devices). For more information about the offences see below: Chapter 6.1.
[89] Art. 7 (Computer-related forgery), Art. 8 (Computer-related fraud). For more information about the offences see below: Chapter 6.1.
[90] Art. 9 (Offences related to child pornography). For more information about the offences see below: Chapter 6.1.
[91] Art. 10 (Offences related to infringements of copyright and related rights). For more information about the offences see below: Chapter 6.1.
[92] See below: Chapter 2.4.
[93] See below: Chapter 2.5
[94] See below: Chapter 2.6
[95] See below: Chapter 2.7
1m See below: Chapter 2.8.1
[97] The term "phishing" describes an act that is carried out to make the victim disclose personal/secret information. The term "phishing" originally described the use of e-mails to "phish" for passwords and financial data from a sea of Internet users. The use of "ph" linked to popular hacker naming conventions. See Gercke, Criminal Responsibility for Phishing and Identity Theft, Computer und Recht, 2005, page 606; Ollmann, The Phishing Guide Understanding & Preventing Phishing Attacks, available at: http://www.nextgenss.com/papers/NISR-WP-Phishing.pdf. For more information on the phenomenon of phishing see below: Chapter 2.8.4.
Regarding the legal response to phishing see: Lynch, Identity Theft in Cyberspace: Crime Control, Berkeley Tech. Law Journal, 2005, 259; Hoffhagle, Identity Theft: Making the Known Unknowns Known, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2007, page 97 et. seqq.
[98] Walden, Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 2006, Chapter 1.29.
[99] See 2005 FBI Computer Crime Survey, page 10 As well as Evers, Computer crimes cost $67 billion, FBI says, ZDNet News, 19.01.2006, available at: http://news.zdnet.com/2100-1009_22-6028946.html.
11,5 See below: Chapter 2.9.
[101] Regarding the economic impact of Cybercrime see below: Chapter 2.9.
[102] "The US Federal Bureau of Investigation has requested companies not to keep quiet about phishing attacks and attacks on company IT systems, but to inform the authorities, so that they can be better informed about criminal activities on the internet. "It is a problem for us that some companies are clearly more worried about bad publicity than they are about the consequences of a successful hacker attack," explained Mark Mershon, acting head of the FBI's New York office." See Heise News, 27.10.2007, - available at: http://www.heise-security.co.uk/news/80152.
[103] Computer Security Institute (CSI), United States.
[104] The CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey 2007 is available at: http://www.gocsi.com/
[105] See CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey 2007, page 1, available at: http://www.gocsi.com/. With regard to the composition of the respondents the survey is likely to be relevant for the United States only.
[106] See, for example, the 2005 FBI Computer Crime Survey, page 10.
[107] See Polizeiliche Kriminalstatisik 2006, available at: http://www.bka.de/pks/pks2006/download/pks-jb_2006_bka.pdf.
[108] With regard to this conclusion, see as well: Cybercrime, Public and Private Entities Face Challenges in Addressing Cyber Threats, GAO Document GA0-07-705, page 22, available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07705.pdf. Walden, Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 2006, Chapter 1.29.
[109] See below: Chapter 2.9.2.
[110] Regarding the development of computer systems, see Hashagen, The first Computers - History and Architectures.
[111] See in this context for example the Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No 81: "The purpose of this article is to create a parallel offence to the forgery of tangible documents. It aims at filling gaps in criminal law related to traditional forgery, which requires visual readability of statements, or declarations embodied in a document and which does not apply to electronically stored data. Manipulations of such data with evidentiary value may have the same serious consequences as traditional acts of forgery if a third party is thereby misled. Computer-related forgery involves unauthorised creating or altering stored data so that they acquire a different evidentiary value in the course of legal transactions, which relies on the authenticity of information contained in the data, is subject to a deception."
[112] From a legal perspective, there is no real need to differentiate between "computer hackers" and "computer crackers" as - in the context of illegal access - both terms are used to describe persons who enter a computer system without right. The main difference is the motivation. The term "hacker" is used to describe a person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems, without breaking the law. The term "cracker" is used to describe a person who breaks into computer systems in general by violating the law.
[113] In the early years of IT development, the term "hacking" was used to describe the attempt to get more out of a system (software or hardware) than it was designed for. Within this context, the term "hacking" was often used to describe a constructive activity.
[114] See Levy, Hackers, 1984; Hacking Offences, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2005, available at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/htcb/htcb005.pdf.; Taylor, Hacktivism: In Search of lost ethics? in Wall, Crime and the Internet, 2001, page 61.
[115] See the statistics provides by HackerWatch. The Online-Community HackerWatch publishes reports about hacking attacks. Based on their sources, more than 250 million incidents were reported Biegel, Beyond our Control? The Limits of our Legal System in the Age of Cyberspace, 2001, page 231 et. seq. in the month of August 2007. Source: http://www.hackerwatch.org.
[116] For an overview of victims of hacking attacks, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history; Joyner/Lotrionte, Information Warfare as International Coercion: Elements of a Legal Framework, EJIL 2002, No5 - page 825 et sq.; Regarding the impact see Biegel, Beyond our Control? The Limits of our Legal System in the Age of Cyberspace, 2001, page 231 et. seq.
[117] Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 65.
[118] Musgrove, Net Attack Aimed at Banking Data, Washington Post, 30.06.2004.
[119] Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 66.
[120] Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 65. Regarding the threat of spyware, see Hackworth, Spyware, Cybercrime and Security, IIA-4.
[121] Hacking into a computer system and modifying information on the first page to prove the ability of the offender can - depending on the legislation in place - be prosecuted as illegal access and data interference. For more information, see below Chapter 6.1.a and Chapter 6.1.d.
[122] The term "Hacktivism" combines the words hack and activism. It describes hacking activities performed to promote a political ideology. For more information, see: Anderson, Hacktivism and Politically Motivated Computer Crime, 2005, available at: http://www.aracnet.com/~kea/Papers/Politically%20Motivated%20Computer%20Crime.pdf; Regarding cases of political attacks see: Vatis, cyberattacks during the war on terrorism: a predictive analysis, available at: http://www.ists.dartmouth.edu/ analysis/cyber_a1.pdf.
[123] A hacker left messages on the website that accused the United States and Israel of killing children. For more information, see BBC News, "UN's website breached by hackers", available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/6943385.stm
[124] The abuse of hacked computer systems often causes difficulties for law enforcement agencies, as electronic traces do not often lead directly to the offender, but first of all to the abused computer systems.
[125] Regarding different motivations and possible follow up acts see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1;
[126] The Online-Community HackerWatch publishes reports about hacking attacks. Based on their sources, more than 250 million incidents were reported in the month of August 2007. Source: http://www.hackerwatch.org.
[127] Regarding the supportive aspects of missing technical protection measures, see Wilson, Computer Attacks and Cyber Terrorism, Cybercrime & Security, IIV-3, page 5.
[128] See Heise News, Online-Computer werden alle 39 Sekunden angegriffen, 13.02.2007, available at: http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/85229. The report is based on an analysis from Professor Cukier.
[129] For an overview of examples of successful hacking attacks, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history; Joyner/Lotrionte, Information Warfare as International Coercion: Elements of a Legal Framework, EJIL 2002, No5 - page 825 et sqq.
[130] Regarding threats from Cybercrime toolkits, see Opening Remarks by ITU Secretary-General, 2nd Facilitation Meeting for WSIS Action Line C5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/pgc/2007/events/presentations/sg-opening-remarks-14-may-2007.pdf. See in this context as well: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 29, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.
[131] For an overview of the tools used, see Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf.
[132] Botnets is a short term for a group of compromised computers running programmes that are under external control. For more details, see Wilson, Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress, 2007, page 4, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf; See also collected resources and links in the ITU Botnet Mitigation Toolkit, 2008, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/projects/botnet.html.
[133] Websense Security Trends Report 2004, page 11, available at: http://www.websense.com/securitylabs/resource/WebsenseSecurityLabs20042H_Report.pdf; Information Security - Computer Controls over Key Treasury Internet Payment System, GAO 2003, page 3, available at:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/gao/d03837.pdf. Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 143.
[134] For an overview of the tools used, see Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf.
[135] Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, page 9, available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf.
[136] Waiden, Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 2006, Chapter 3.250.
[137] For an overview of the tools used to perform high-level attacks, see Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf; Erickson, Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, 2003.
[138] Botnets is a short term for a group of compromised computers running programmes that are under external control. For more details, see Wilson, Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress, 2007, page 4, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32114.pdf. For more information about botnets see below: Chapter 3.2.i.
[139] See Schjolberg, The legal framework - unauthorized access to computer systems - penal legislation in 44 countries, available at: http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html.
[140] See in this context Art. 2, sentence 2 Convention on Cybercrime.
[141] Walden, Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 2006, Chapter 3.264.
[142] One example of this is the German Criminal Code, that criminalised only the act of obtaining data (Section 202a), until 2007, when the provision was changed. The following text is taken from the old version of Section 202a - Data Espionage:
(1) Whoever, without authorization, obtains data for himself or another, which was not intended for him and was specially protected against unauthorized access, shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
(2) Within the meaning of subsection (1), data shall only be those which stored or transmitted electronically or magnetically or otherwise in a not immediately perceivable manner.
[143] For the modus operandi, see Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 102 et seqq. Sieber, Multimedia Handbook, Chapter 19, page 17. For an overview of victims of early hacking attacks see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_security_hacker_history; Joyner/Lotrionte, Information Warfare as International Coercion: Elements of a Legal Framework, EJIL 2002, No5 - page 825 et sqq.
[144] Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage — 2003, page 1, available at: http://www.ncix.gov/publications/reports/fecie_all/fecie_2003/fecie_2003.pdf.
[145] For more information about that case see: Stoll, Stalking the wily hacker, available at: http://pdf.textfiles.com/academics/wilyhacker.pdf; Stoll, The Cuckoo's Egg, 1998.
[146] See Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 88 et seqq; Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf.
[147] Ealy, A New Evolution in Hack Attacks: A General Overview of Types, Methods, Tools, and Prevention, page 9 et seqq., available at: http://www.212cafe.com/download/e-book/A.pdf.
[148] See Granger, Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics, Security Focus, 2001, available at: http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1527.
Дата добавления: 2015-12-19; просмотров: 8; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!