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^{^[149]} See: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 31, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[150]} For more information, see Mitnick/SimonWoznak, The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security.

^{^[151]} See the information offered by anti-phishing working group, available at: http://www.antiphishing.org; Jakobsson, The Human Factor in Phishing, available at: http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/markus/papers/aci.pdf; Gercke, Computer und Recht 2005, page 606; The term "phishing" describes an act that is carried out to make the victim disclose personal/secret information. The term "phishing" originally described the use of e-mails to "phish" for passwords and financial data from a sea of Internet users. The use of "ph" linked to popular hacker naming conventions. See Gercke, Computer und Recht, 2005, page 606; Ollmann, The Phishing Guide Understanding & Preventing Phishing Attacks, available at: http://www.nextgenss.com/papers/NISR-WP-Phishing.pdf. For more information on the phenomenon of phishing see below: Chapter 2.8.d.

^{^[152]} Regarding the elements of an Anti-Cybercrime Strategy, see below: Chapter 4.

^{^[153]} "Users should have access to cryptography that meets their needs, so that they can trust in the security of information and communications systems, and the confidentiality and integrity of data on those systems" - See OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy, V 2, available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/00/0,3343,en_2649_34255_0804730_0_0_0_0,00.html.

^{^[154]} Physical researches prove that it can take a very long time to break encryption, if proper technology is used. See Schneier, Applied Cryptography,

page 185. For more information regarding the challenge of investigating Cybercrime cases that involve encryption technology, see below: Chapter

_{_[155]} ^3.2.m.

¹⁶¹Regarding the modus operandi, see Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 102 et seqq.

^{^[156]} Regarding the impact of this behaviour for identity-theft see Gercke, Internet-related Identity Theft, 2007, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/combating_economic_crime/3_Technical_cooperation/CYBER/567%20port%20id-d- identity%20theft%20paper%2022%20nov%2007.pdf

^{^[157]} Chawki/Abdel Wahab, Identity Theft in Cyberspace: Issues and Solutions, page 17, Lex Electronica, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2006, available at: http://www.lex-electromca.org/articlesM 1-1/ chawki_abdel-wahab.pdf.

^{^[158]} See: 2005 Identity Theft: Managing the Risk, Insight Consulting, page 2, available at: http://www.insight.co.uk/files/whitepapers/Identity%20Theft%20(White%20paper).pdf.

^{^[159]} See Hackworth, Sypware, Cybercrime & Security, IIA-4. Regarding user reactions to the threat of spyware, see: Jaeger/ Clarke, "The Awareness and Perception of Spyware amongst Home PC Computer Users", 2006, available at: http://scissec.scis.ecu.edu.au/wordpress/conference_proceedings/2006/iwar/Jaeger%20Clarke%20-

%20The%20Awareness%20and%20Perception%20of%20Spyware%20amongst%20Home%20PC%20Computer%20Users.pdf.

^{^[160]} See Hackworth, Sypware, Cybercrime & Security, IIA-4, page 5.

^{^[161]} For further information about keyloggers, see: http://en.wiMpedia.org/wiki/Keylogger; Netadmintools Keylogging, available at: http://www.netadmintools.com/part215.html

^{^[162]} It is easy to identify credit card numbers, as they in general contain 16 numbers. By excluding phone numbers using country codes, offenders can identify credit card numbers and exclude mistakes to a large extent.

^{^[163]} One approach to gain access to a computer system to install a key-logger is например to gain access to the building where the computer is located using social engineering techniques e.g., a person wearing a uniform from the fire brigade pretending to check emergency exits has a good chance of gaining access to a building, if more extensive security is not in place. Further approaches can be found in Mitnick, "The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security", 2002.

^{^[164]} Regular hardware checks are a vital part of any computer security strategy.

^{^[165]} See Granger, Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics, Security Focus, 2001, available at: http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1527.

^{^[166]} See the information offered by anti-phishing working group, available at: http://www.antiphishing.org; Jakobsson, The Human Factor in Phishing, available at: http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/markus/papers/aci.pdf; Gercke, Computer und Recht 2005, page 606.

^{^[167]} For more information on the phenomenon of phishing see below: Chapter 2.8.4.

^{^[168]} Regarding the elements of an Anti-Cybercrime Strategy see below: Chapter 4.

^{^[169]} The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime contains no provision criminalising data espionage.

^{^[170]} Leprevost, "Encryption and cryptosystems in electronic surveillance: a survey of the technology assessment issues", Development of surveillance technology and risk of abuse of economic information, 2.4, available at: http://cryptome.org/stoa-r3-5.htm.

external storage is that information can be accessed from every Internet connection.

^{^[172]} Regarding the interception of VoIP to assist law enforcement agencies, see Bellovin and others, "Security Implications of Applying the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act to Voice over IP", available at

http://www.itaa.org/news/docs/CALEAVOIPreport.pdf; Simon/Slay, "Voice over IP: Forensic Computing Implications", 2006, available at: http://scissec.scis.ecu.edu.au/wordpress/conference_proceedings/2006/forensics/Simon%20Slay%20- %20Voice%20over%20IP-%20Forensic%20Computing%20Implications.pdf; Regarding the potential of VoIP and regulatory issues see: Braverman, VoIP: The Future of Telephony is now...if regulation doesn"t get in the way, The Indian Journal of Law and Technology, Vol.1, 2005, page 47 et seq., available at: http://www.nls.ac.in/students/IJLT/resources/1_Indian_JL&Tech_47.pdf.

^{^[173]} ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 30, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[174]} Kang, "Wireless Network Security - Yet another hurdle in fighting Cybercrime" in Cybercrime & Security, IIA-2, page 6 et seq.

^{^[175]} The radius depends on the transmitting power of the wireless access point. See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAN.

^{^[176]} With regard to the time necessary for decryption see below: Chapter 3.2.13.

^{^[177]} Regarding the difficulties in Cybercrime investigations that include wireless networks, see Kang, "Wireless Network Security - Yet another hurdle in fighting Cybercrime" " in Cybercrime & Security, IIA-2; Urbas/Krone, Mobile and wireless technologies: security and risk factors, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2006, available at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi2/tandi329t.html.

^{^[178]} Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 97.

^{^[179]} With regard to the interception of electromagnetic emissions see: Explanatory Report to the Convention on Cybercrime, No. 57.

^{^[180]} See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_surveillance#Surveillance_techniques.

^{^[181]} E.g. the electromagnetic emission caused by transmitting the information displayed on the screen from the computer to the screen.

^{^[182]} For more details on legal solutions see below: Chapter 6.1.3.

^{^[182]} See in this context as well: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 32, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[183]} Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 107.

^{^[184]} A computer virus is software that is able to replicate itself and infect a computer, without the permission of the user to harm the computer system. See Spafford, "The Internet Worm Program: An Analysis", page 3; Cohen, "Computer Viruses - Theory and Experiments", available at: http://all.net/books/virus/index.html. Cohen, "Computer Viruses"; Adleman, "An Abstract Theory of Computer Viruses". Regarding the economic impact of computer viruses, see Cashell/Jackson/Jickling/Webel, "The Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks", page 12; Symantec "Internet Security Threat Report", Trends for July-December 2006, available at: http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/ent- whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xi_03_2007.en-us.pdf

^{^[185]} One of the first computer virus was called (c)Brain and was created by Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi. For further details, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus.

^{^[186]} White/Kephart/Chess, Computer Viruses: A Global Perspective, available at: http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/White/VB95/vb95.distrib.html.

^{^[187]} Payload describes the function the virus performs after it is installed on victims" computers and activated. Examples of the payload are: Displaying messages or performing certain activities on computer hardware such as opening the CD drive or deleting or encrypting files.

^{^[188]} Regarding the various installation processes see: "The Crimeware Landscape: Malware, Phishing, Identity Theft and Beyond", page 21 et seq., available at: http://www.antiphishing.org/reports/APWG_CrimewareReport.pdf.

¹¹⁾⁶ See BBC News, "Virus-like attack hits web traffic", 25.01.2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2693925.stm;

^{^[190]} Critical Infrastructure Protection Department Of Homeland Security Faces Challenges In Fulfilling Cybersecurity Responsibilities, GAO, 2005 GA0-05-434, page 12, available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05434.pdf.

^{^[191]} Cashell/Jackson/Jickling/Webel, "The Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks", page 12, available at: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/govtaffairs/images/CRS_Cyber_Attacks.pdf.

^{^[192]} Cashell/Jackson/Jickling/Webel, "The Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks", page 12, available at: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/govtaffairs/images/CRS_Cyber_Attacks.pdf.

^{^[193]} See Szor, The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defence, 2005.

^{^[194]} One example of a virus that encrypts files is the Aids Info Disk or PC Cyborg Trojan. The virus hid directories and encrypted the names of all files on the C-drive. Users were asked to 'renew their license' and contact PC Cyborg Corporation for payment. For more information, see: Bates, "Trojan Horse: AIDS Information Introductory Diskette Version 2.0" in Wilding/Skulason, Virus Bulletin, 1990, page 3..

^{^[195]} In 2000 a number of well known United States e-Commerce businesses were targeted by denial of service attacks. A full list of the attacks business is provided by Yurcik, "Information Warfare Survivability: Is the Best Defense a Good Offence?", page 4, available at: http://www.projects.ncassr.org/hackback/ethics00.pdf.For more information see: Power, 2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey, Computer Security Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2000, page 33 et. seq; Lemos, Web attacks: FBI launches probe, ZDNEt News, 09.02.2000, available at: http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-501926.html; Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, page 20, available at:

http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2002/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Paller, "Response, Recovery and Reducing Our Vulnerability to Cyber Attacks: Lessons Learned and Implications for the Department of Homeland Security", Statement to the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Science, and Research & Development Select Committee on Homeland Security, 2003, page 3, available at: http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/2003_h/06-25- 03_cyberresponserecovery.pdf.

^{^[196]} Regarding the possible financial consequences, see: Campbell/Gordon/Loeb/Zhou, "The Economic Cost of Publicly Announced Information Security Breaches: Empirical Evidence From the Stock Market", Journal of Computer Security, Vol. 11, page 431-448.

^{^[197]} Examples include: Inserting metal objects in computer devices to cause electrical shorts, blowing hairspray into sensitive devices or cutting cables. For more examples, see Sieber, "Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004", page 107.

^{^[198]} Regarding the possible financial consequences, see: Campbell/Gordon/Loeb/Zhou, "The Economic Cost of Publicly Announced Information Security Breaches: Empirical Evidence From the Stock Market", Journal of Computer Security, Vol. 11, page 431-448.

^{^[199]} Sieber, "Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004", page 107.

^{^[200]} A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks aims to make a computer system unavailable by saturating it with external communications requests, so it cannot respond to legitimate traffic. For more information, see: US-CERT, "Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.us- cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-015.html; Paxson, "An Analysis of Using Reflectors for Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/reflectors.CCR.01/reflectors.html; Schuba/Krsul/Kuhn/Spafford/Sundaram/Zamboni, "Analysis of a Denial of Service Attack on TCP"; Houle/Weaver, "Trends in Denial of Service Attack Technology", 2001, available at: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/DoS_trends.pdf.

^{^[201]} The term "worm" was used by Shoch/Hupp, "The "Worm" Programs - Early Experience with a Distributed Computation", published in 1982. This publication is available for download: http://vx.netlux.org/lib/ajm01.html. With regard to the term "worm", they refer to the science-fiction novel, "The Shockwave Rider" by John Brunner, which describes a programme running loose through a computer network.

^{^[202]} For more information, see: US-CERT, "Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.us- cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-015.html; Paxson, "An Analysis of Using Reflectors for Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/reflectors.CCR.01/reflectors.html; Schuba/Krsul/Kuhn/Spafford/Sundaram/Zamboni, "Analysis of a Denial of Service Attack on TCP".

^{^[203]} See Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 14, available at:

http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf. The attacks took place between 07.02.2000 and 09.02.2000. For a full list of attacked companies and the dates of the attacks, see: Yurcik, "Information Warfare Survivability: Is the Best Defense a Good Offence?", page 4, available at: http://www.projects.ncassr.org/hackback/ethics00.pdf.

^{^[204]} Power, 2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey, Computer Security Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2000, page 33 et. seq; Lemos, Web attacks: FBI launches probe, ZDNEt News, 09.02.2000, available at: http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22- 501926.html;

^{^[205]} Regarding the different approaches see below: Chapter 6.1.5.

^{^[206]} For reports on cases involving illegal content, see Sieber, "Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004", page 137 et seqq.

^{^[207]} One example of the wide criminalisation of illegal content is Sec. 86a German Penal Code. The provision criminalises the use of symbols of unconstitutional parties: Section 86a: Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations

(1) Whoever: 1. domestically distributes or publicly uses, in a meeting or in writings (Section 11 subsection (3)) disseminated by him, symbols of one of the parties or organizations indicated in Section 86 subsection (1), nos. 1, 2 and 4; or 2. produces, stocks, imports or exports objects which depict or contain such symbols for distribution or use domestically or abroad, in the manner indicated in number 1, shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.

(2) Symbols, within the meaning of subsection (1), shall be, in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting. Symbols which are so similar as to be mistaken for those named in sentence 1 shall be deemed to be equivalent thereto.

(3) Section 86 subsections (3) and (4), shall apply accordingly.

^{^[208]} Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815.pdf.

^{^[209]} Concerns over freedom of expression (e.g. the First Amendment to the United States Constitution) explain why certain acts of racism were not made illegal by the Convention on Cybercrime, but their criminalisation was included in the First Additional Protocol. See Explanatory Report to the First Additional Protocol, No. 4.

^{^[210]} See e.g. Sec. 295C of the Pakistan Penal Code:

295-C. Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Holy Prophet: Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation or by any imputation, innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

_{_[212]} See below: Chapter 3.2.6 and Chapter 3.2.7.

²¹⁹In many cases, the principle of dual criminality hinders international cooperation.

^{^[213]} Regarding filter obligations/approaches see: Zittrain/Edelman, Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide, available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/; Reidenberg, States and Internet Enforcement, University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal, Vol. 1, No. 213, 2004, page 213 et. seq., available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=487965; Regarding the discussion about filtering in different countries see: Taylor, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and their responsibility for content under the new French legal regime, Computer Law & Security Report, Vol. 20, Issue 4, 2004, page 268 et seq.; Belgium ISP Ordered By The Court To Filter Illicit Content, EDRI News, No 5.14, 18.06.2007, available at: http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.14/belgium-isp; Enser, Illegal Downloads: Belgian court orders ISP to filter, OLSWANG E-Commerce Update, 11.07, page 7, available at: http://www.olswang.com/updates/ecom_nov07/ecom_nov07.pdf; Standford, France to Require Internet Service Providers to Filter Infringing Music, 27.11.2007, Intellectual Property Watch, available at: http://www.ip- watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=842; Zwenne, Dutch Telecoms wants to force Internet safety requirements, Wold Data Protection Report, issue 09/07, page 17, available at:

http://weblog.leidenuniv.nl/users/zwennegj/Dutch%20telecom%20operator%20to%20enforce%20Internet%20safety%20requirements.pdf; The 2007 paper of IFPI regarding the technical options for addressing online copyright infringement, available at:

http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/effeurope/ifpi_filtering_memo.pdf; Regarding self-regulatory approaches see: ISPA Code Review, Self-Regulation of Internet Service Providers, 2002, available at: http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/selfregulation/iapcoda/0211xx-ispa-study.pdf.

^{^[214]} Regarding this approach, see: Stadler, Multimedia und Recht 2002, page 343 et seq.; Mankowski, Multimedia und Recht 2002, page 277 et seq.

^{^[215]} See Sims, "Why Filters Can't Work", available at: http://censorware.net/essays/whycant_ms.html; Wallace, "Purchase of blocking software by public libraries is unconstitutional", available at: http://censorware.net/essays/library_iw.html.

^{^[216]} The OpenNet Initiative is a transatlantic group of academic institutions that reports on internet filtering and surveillance. Harvard Law School and the University of Oxford participate in the network, among others. For more information, see: http://www.opennet.net.

^{^[217]} Haraszti, Preface, in "Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region", available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf.

^{^[218]} Depending on the availability of broadband access.

Law & Technology Journal, Vol. 1, No. 213, 2004, page 213 et seq., available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=487965; Regarding the discussion about filtering in different countries see: Taylor, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and their responsibility for content under the new French legal regime, Computer Law & Security Report, Vol. 20, Issue 4, 2004, page 268 et seq.; Belgium ISP Ordered By The Court To Filter Illicit Content, EDRI News, No 5.14, 18.06.2007, available at: http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.14/belgium-isp; Enser, Illegal Downloads: Belgian court orders ISP to filter, OLSWANG E-Commerce Update, 11.07, page 7, available at:

http://www.olswang.com/updates/ecom_nov07/ecom_nov07.pdf; Standford, France to Require Internet Service Providers to Filter Infringing Music, 27.11.2007, Intellectual Property Watch, available at: http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=842; Zwenne, Dutch Telecoms wants to force Internet safety requirements, Wold Data Protection Report, issue 09/07, page 17, available at:

^{^[220]} With regard to the electronic traces that are left and the instruments needed to trace offenders, see below: Chapter 6.2.

^{^[221]} Ropelato, "Internet Pornography Statistics", available at: http://rnternet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html.

^{^[222]} About a third of all files downloaded in file-sharing systems contained pornography. Ropelato, "Internet Pornography Statistics", available at: http://rnternet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html.

^{^[223]} One example for this approach can be found in Sec. 184 German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch): Section 184 Dissemination of Pornographic Writings

(1) Whoever, in relation to pornographic writings (Section 11 subsection (3)): 1. offers, gives or makes them accessible to a person under eighteen years of age; [...]

^{^[224]} Regarding this aspect see: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 36, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[225]} See: Nowara/Pierschke, Erzieherische Hilfen fuer jugendliche Sexual(straf)taeter, Katamnesestudie zu den vom Land Nordrhein-Westfalen gefoerterten Modellprojekten, 2008.

^{^[226]} See Siebert, "Protecting Minors on the Internet: An Example from Germany", in "Governing the Internet Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region", page 150, available at: http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2007/07/25667_918_en.pdf.

^{^[227]} One example is the 2006 Draft Law, "Regulating the protection of Electronic Data and Information and Combating Crimes of Information" (Egypt): Sec. 37: Whoever makes, imitates, obtains, or possesses, for the purpose of distribution, publishing, or trade, electronically processed pictures or drawings that are publicly immoral, shall be punished with detention for a period not less than six months, and a fine not less than five hundred thousand Egyptian pounds, and not exceeding seven hundred thousand Egyptian pounds, or either penalty.

^{^[227]} National Sovereignty is a fundamental principle in International Law. See Roth, 'state Sovereignty, International Legality, and Moral Disagreement", 2005, page 1, available at: http://www.law.uga.edu/intl/roth.pdf.

^{^[228]} Regarding the principle of "dual criminality", see below: Chapter 6.3.2.

^{^[229]} Regarding technical approaches in the fight against Obscenity and Indecency on the Internet see: Weekes, Cyber-Zoning a Mature Domain: The Solution to Preventing Inadvertent Access to Sexually Explicit Content on the Internet, Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 8, 2003, available at: http://www.vjolt.net/vol8/issue1/v8i1_a04-Weekes.pdf.

^{^[230]} Regarding filter obligations/approaches see: Zittrain/Edelman, Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide, available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/; Reidenberg, States and Internet Enforcement, University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal, Vol. 1, No. 213, 2004, page 213 et Seq., available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=487965; Regarding the discussion about filtering in different countries see: Taylor, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and their responsibility for content under the new French legal regime, Computer Law & Security Report, Vol. 20, Issue 4, 2004, page 268 et seq.; Belgium ISP Ordered By The Court To Filter Illicit Content, EDRI News, No 5.14, 18.06.2007, available at: http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.14/belgium-isp; Enser, Illegal Downloads: Belgian court orders ISP to filter, OLSWANG E-Commerce Update, 11.07, page 7, available at: http://www.olswang.com/updates/ecom_nov07/ecom_nov07.pdf; Standford, France to Require Internet Service Providers to Filter Infringing Music, 27.11.2007, Intellectual Property Watch, available at: http://www.ip- watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=842; Zwenne, Dutch Telecoms wants to force Internet safety requirements, Wold Data Protection Report, issue 09/07, page 17, available at:

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