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Конвенция о киберпреступности^{^[1598]},

Типовой закон Содружества о компьютерах и компьютерных преступлениях^{^[1599]}, Проект Стэнфордской Конвенции^{^[1600]}.

Отпечатано в Швейцарии Женева, 2009 г.

¹¹ Regarding the related difficulties of lawful interception of Voice over IP communication see Bellovin and others, "Security Implications of Applying the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act to Voice over IP", available at: http://www.itaa.org/news/docs/CALEAVOIPreport.pdf; Simon/Slay, "Voice over IP: Forensic Computing Implications",

⁴⁸ For an overview of the cybercrime-related legislation and their compliance with the international standards defined by the Convention on Cybercrime see the country profiles provided on the Council of Europe website. Available at: http://www.coe.int/cybercrime/. ⁴⁸ See for example the following surveys on national Cybercrime legislation: ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf; Mitchison/Wilikens/Breitenbach/Urry/Portesi - Identity Theft - A discussion paper, page 23 et seq., available at: https://www.prime-project.eu/community/furtherreading/studies/IDTheftFIN.pdf;

¹⁵³ Examples are software tools that are able to break passwords. Another example is a software tool that records keystrokes (keylogger). Keyloggers are available as software solutions or hardware solutions.

¹⁷⁷ With the fall in price of server storage space, the external storage of information has become more popular. Another advantage of

²²⁶ Access is in some countries is limited by filter technology. ²²⁶ Regarding filter obligations/approaches see: Zittrain/Edelman, Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide, available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/; Reidenberg, States and Internet Enforcement, University of Ottawa

³⁴⁷ Clarke/Sandberg/Wiley/Hong, "Freenet: a distributed anonymous information storage and retrieval system", 2001;

³⁶⁹ For case examples, see: Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 112.

³⁹⁷ For case studies, see: Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 94.

⁶⁴⁷ Gercke, "The Slow Wake of A Global Approach Against Cybercrime", Computer Law Review International, 2006, page 142.

⁷⁷⁷ 14. As the use of the Internet and other new technologies increase, more criminals are provided with opportunities to commit crimes remotely, via telephone lines and data networks. Presently, malicious programming code and harmful communications (such as child pornography) may pass through several carriers located in different countries. And infrastructures such as banking and finance increasingly are becoming networked and thereby vulnerable to cyber-attack from distant locations. We convene today to provide additional personal attention to and direction for our joint action against this transnational criminality.

15. Our goals are to ensure that our people are protected from those who use new technologies for criminal purposes, such as child exploitation, financial crime, and attacks on critical infrastructures, and to ensure that no criminal receives safe haven anywhere in the world. We are determined that our law enforcement authorities have the technical ability and legal processes to find criminals who abuse technologies and bring them to justice. The safety of our people and their economic prosperity depend upon our leadership and determination and our ability to take coordinated action. We direct our experts to continue their work, particularly, on

problems which arise for our law enforcement authorities from new developments in information technology and their use by criminals.

16. Strength of G-8 Legal Systems. Our experts have completed a comprehensive review of G-8 legal systems to assess whether those systems appropriately criminalize abuses of telecommunications and computer systems and promote the investigation of hightech crimes. While, over the past decade, our governments have acted to see that their legal systems account for new technologies, there remains room for improvement. Where laws or legal processes require enhancements, we are committed to use best efforts to fill these gaps and, consistent with fundamental national legal principles, to promote new legal mechanisms for law enforcement to facilitate investigations and prosecutions.

17. Principles on Transborder Access to Stored Computer Data. Criminals take advantage of the jurisdictional inability of law enforcement authorities to operate across national borders as easily as criminals can. High-tech crimes may rapidly affect people in many countries, and evidence of these crimes, which may be quickly altered or destroyed, may be located anywhere in the world. Recognizing these facts, and taking into account principles relating to sovereignty and to the protection of human rights, democratic freedoms and privacy, our law enforcement authorities conducting criminal investigations should in some circumstances be able to pursue investigations across territorial borders. We have today adopted certain principles for access to data stored in a foreign state, which are contained in the Annex 1 to this Communique. We are committed to work towards implementation of these principles through international cooperation, including legal instruments, and through national laws and policies, and invite all nations to join in this effort. We note, however, that continued work is required in this area, including on the appropriate collection, preservation and disclosure of traffic data, and we direct our experts to make further progress in consultation with industry.

18. Locating and Identifying High-tech Criminals. To ensure that we can all locate and identify criminals who use networked communications for illegal purposes, we must enhance our ability to trace communications while they are occurring and afterwards, even when those communications pass through multiple countries. Existing processes are often too slow and are designed more to address bilateral cooperation than crimes requiring the immediate assistance of many countries. Faster or novel solutions must be found. We, as Ministers, direct our experts to develop, in consultation with industry, a concrete set of options for tracing networked communications across national borders in criminal investigations and provide those options as soon as possible within one year.

19. International Network of 24-hour Contacts. Our 24-hour points of contact network, which allows us to respond to fast-breaking investigations, has now been expanded from the eight G-8 countries to a number of additional countries around the world. The speed of electronic communications and perishability of electronic evidence requires real-time assistance, and this growing global network has dramatically increased our investigative abilities. We direct our experts to facilitate further growth of this network. G-8 nations and their partners should also use this network proactively to notify other countries when they learn of significant potential threats to our shared networks.

20. Criminality Associated with the 'Millennium Bug'. Our countries have been at the forefront of efforts to successfully tackle the 'Millennium Bug' or 'Y2K Problem', which presents a major threat to the increasingly networked global economy. We are concerned that the Millennium Bug may either provide new opportunities for fraud and financial crimes, or mask ongoing criminality, if systems for accounting and reporting are disrupted. Therefore, as part of our new proactive use of our 24-hour network, we will provide early warning of Y2K-related abuses.

21.Internet Fraud. We recognize that Internet fraud, in all of its forms, poses a significant threat to the growth and development of electronic commerce and to the confidence that consumers place in electronic commercial transactions. To counter this threat, we are undertaking a comprehensive response, including crime prevention, investigation, and prosecution. For example, we are sharing information on international Internet fraud schemes - including information relating to the criminals, their methods and techniques, the victims involved in these schemes, and reports of enforcement actions - so that criminals defrauding people in multiple countries are investigated and prosecuted for the full range of their criminal activities.

⁷⁹⁷ The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a principal organ to coordinate economic, social, and related work and serve as a central forum for discussing international economic and social issues. For more information see: http://www.un.org/ecosoc/.

¹¹⁷⁵ Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, 10 December 2002. For more information see:

http://www.osce.org/documents/rfm/2004/10/14893_en.pdf.

European Convention of Human Rights and the constitutional principle of freedom of expression — the cornerstone of all modern democracies — the European Court of Human Rights, the United States Supreme Court, the UN Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, constitutional and supreme courts of many countries, and respected international media NGOs have repeatedly stated that criminal defamation laws are not acceptable in modern democracies. These laws threaten free speech and inhibit discussion of important public issues by practically penalising political discourse. The solution that all of them prefer and propose is to transfer the handling of libel and defamation from the criminal domain to the civil law domain"

¹⁶¹⁰ § 17 - Ausschluss der Verantwortlichkeit bei Links

(1) Ein Diensteanbieter, der mittels eines elektronischen Verweises einen Zugang zu fremden Informationen eröffnet, ist für diese Informationen nicht verantwortlich, sofern er von einer rechtswidrigen Tätigkeit oder Information keine tatsächliche Kenntnis hat und sich in Bezug auf Schadenersatzansprüche auch keiner Tatsachen oder Umstände bewusst ist, aus denen eine rechtswidrige Tätigkeit oder Information offensichtlich wird, oder, sobald er diese Kenntnis oder dieses Bewusstsein erlangt hat, unverzüglich tätig wird, um den elektronischen Verweis zu entfernen.

Related to the development of the Internet, see: Yang, Miao, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol. 113; Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Electronic commerce, Page 52 - 56; The World Information Society Report 2007, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/worldinformationsociety/2007/. According to the ITU, there were 1,13 billion Internet users by the end of 2007, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/.

^{^[2]} Regarding the possibilities and technology available to access the Internet in developing countries, see: Esteve/Machin, Devices to access Internet in Developing countries, available at: http://www2007.org/workshops/paper_106.pdf.

^{^[3]} WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a technology that provides wireless data services (such as access to the Internet) over long distances. For more information, see: The WiMAX Forum, available at http://www.wimaxforum.org; Andrews, Ghosh, Rias, Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking; Nuaymi, WiMAX, Technology for Broadband Wireless Access.

^{^[4]} Within the "One Laptop per Child" initiative, inexpensive laptop computers should be distributed to children, especially those in developing countries. The project is organised by the United States-based non-profit organisation OLPC. For more information, see the official OLPC website at http://www.laptop.org. Regarding the technology of the laptop, see Heise News, Test of the 100 dollar laptop, 09.05.2007, available at: http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/89512.

^{^[5]} Current reports highlight that less than 4 per cent of the African population has access to the Internet. See Waters, Africa waiting for net revolution, BBC News, 29.10.2007, available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7063682.stm.

^{^[6]} Regarding the impact of ICT on the society see the report Sharpening Europe's Future Through ICT - Report from the information society technologies advisory group, 2006, available at: ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/ist/docs/istag-shaping- europe-future-ict-march-2006-en.pdf.

^{^[7]} Regarding the related risks of attacks against e-mail systems see the report that United States Department of Defence had to shut down their e-mail system after a hacking attack. See: http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3996.

^{^[8]} Regarding the ability to block Internet-based information services by denial-of-service attacks see below 2.4.e.

2006, available at: http://scissec.scis.ecu.edu.au/wordpress/conference_proceedings/2006/forensics/Simon%20Slay%20- %20Voice%20over%20IP-%20Forensic%20Computing%20Implications.pdf.

^{^[10]} ITU, ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Background Note to the 2009 Pacific ICT Ministerial Forum held in Tonga 17-20 February 2009, 2009, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/asp/CMS/Events/2009/PacMinForum/doc/Background%20Note-Theme-4- ICT%20Apps%20&%20Cybersecurity.pdf.

^{^[11]} Regarding the possibilities of low cost access the Internet in developing countries, see: Esteve/Machin, Devices to access Internet in Developing countries, available at: http://www2007.org/workshops/paper_106.pdf.

^{^[12]} Regarding the number of users of fee-or-charge e-mail services see Graham, Email carriers deliver gifts of ninety features to lure, keep users, USA Today, 16.04.2008, available at: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-15-google-gmail-webmail_N.htm. The article mentions that the four biggest webmail providers have several hundred million users - Microsoft (256 million), Yahoo (254 million), Google (91 million) and AOL (48 million). For an overview on e-mail statistics see: Brownlow, e-mail and web statistics, April 2008, available at: http://www.email-marketing- reports.com/metrics/email-statistics.htm.

^{^[13]} http://www.wikipedia.org

^{^[14]} Regarding the use of fee-of-charge services in criminal activities See for example: Symantec Press Release, Symantec Reports Malicious Web Attacks Are on the Rise, 13.05.2008, available at:

http://www.symantec.com/business/resources/articles/article.jsp?aid=20080513_symantec_reports_malicious_web_attacks_are_on_the_rise.

^{^[15]} Unlike in the Industrial Society, members of the Information Society are no longer connected by their participation in industrialisation, but through their access to and the use of ICTs. For more information on the information society see: Masuda, The Information Society as Post-Industrial Society; Dutta/De Meyer/Jain/Richter, The Information Society in an Enlarged Europe; Maldoom/Marsden/Sidak/Singer, Broadband in Europe: How Brussels can wire the Information Society; Salzburg Center for International Legal Studies, Legal Issues in the Global Information Society; Hornby/Clarke, Challenge and Change in the Information Society.

^{^[16]} See for example: Communication From The Commission To The Council, The European Parliament, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions, Challenges for the European Information Society beyond 2005, page 3, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/communications/new_chall_en_adopted.pdf.

Regarding the extend of integration of ICTs into the daily lives and the related threats see below 3.2.a as well as Goodman, "The Civil Aviation

Analogy - International Cooperation to Protect Civil Aviation Against Cyber Crime and Terrorism" in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational

Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 69, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_69.pdf.

See Sieber, The Threat of Cybercrime, Organised crime in Europe: the threat of Cybercrime, Page 212; ITU Global Cybersecurity

Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 14, available at:

http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

See Suter, A Generic National Framework For Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, 2007, available at:

http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/pgc/2007/events/docs/background-paper-suter-C5-meeting-14-may-2007.pdf.

Bohn/Coroama/Langheinrich/Mattern/Rohs, "Living in a World of Smart Everyday Objects - Social, Economic & Ethical Implications", Journal of

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 10, page 763 et seqq., available at: http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/res/papers/hera.pdf.

See Wigert, Varying policy responses to Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) in selected countries, Cybercrime and Security, IIB-1,

page 1; Wilshusen, Internet Infrastructure, Challenges in Developing a Public/Private Recovery Plan, Testimony before the Subcommittee on

Information Policy, 2007, GAO Document GA0-08-212T, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08212t.pdf.

Regarding the attack against online service in Estonia, see: Toth, Estonia under cyberattack, available at:

http://www.cert.hu/dmdocuments/Estonia_attack2.pdf. Regarding the attacks against major online companies in the United States in 2000 see: Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 14, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf. The attacks took place between 07.02.2000 and 09.02.2000. For a full list of attacked companies and the dates of the attacks, see: Yurcik, "Information Warfare Survivability: Is the Best Defense a Good Offence?", page 4, available at: http://www.projects.ncassr.org/hackback/ethics00.pdf.

The Online-Community HackerWatch publishes reports on hacking attacks. Based on their sources, more than 250 million incidents were reported in one month (August 2007). Source: http://www.hackerwatch.org.

See Hayden, Cybercrime's impact on Information security, Cybercrime and Security, IA-3, page 3.

CRS Report for Congress on the Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks, April 2004, Page 10, available at:

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/govtaffairs/images/CRS_Cyber_Attacks.pdf.

See: O"Connell, Cyber-Crime hits $ 100 Billion in 2007, ITU News related to ITU Corporate Strategy, 17.10.2007, available at

http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view_prn.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1882.

IBM survey, published 14.05.2006, available at http://www-

03.ibm.com/industries/consumerproducts/doc/content/news/pressrelease/1540939123.html.

Wilshusen, Internet Infrastructure, Challenges in Developing a Public/Private Recovery Plan, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Information Policy, 2007, GAO Document GAO-08-212T, available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08212t.pdf.For more information on the economic impact of Cybercrime see below 2.9.

^{^[28]} The term "Cybersecurity" is used to summarise various activities such as the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user's assets. Organization and user's assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure, applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored information in the cyber environment. Cybersecurity strives to ensure the attainment and maintenance of the security properties of the organization and user's assets against relevant security risks in the cyber environment. Regarding the definition of cybersecurity, ITU-T Recommendation X.1205 "Overview of Cybersecurity" provides a definition, description of technologies, and network protection principles. "Cybersecurity is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user's assets. Organization and user's assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure, applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored information in the cyber environment. Cybersecurity strives to ensure the attainment and maintenance of the security properties of the organization and user's assets against relevant security risks in the cyber environment. The general security objectives comprise the following: Availability; Integrity, which may include authenticity and non-repudiation; Confidentiality." Also see ITU, List of Security-Related Terms and Definitions, available at: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/0A/0D/T0A0D00000A0002MSWE.doc..

^{^[29]} With regard to development related to developing countries see: ITU Cybersecurity Work Programme to Assist Developing Countries 2007-2009, 2007, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-cybersecurity-work-programme- developing-countries.pdf.

^{^[30]} See for example: ITU WTSA Resolution 50: Cybersecurity (Rev. Johannesburg, 2008) available at: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu- t/opb/res/T-RES-T.50-2008-PDF-E.pdf; ITU WTSA Resolution 52: Countering and combating spam (Rev. Johannesburg, 2008) available at: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/res/T-RES-T.52-2008-PDF-E.pdf; ITU WTDC Resolution 45: Mechanism for enhancing cooperation on cybersecurity, including combating spam (Doha, 2006) available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU- D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/WTDC06_resolution_45-e.pdf; European Union Communication: Towards a General Policy on the Fight Against Cyber Crime, 2007, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0267en01.pdf; Cyber Security: A Crisis of Prioritization, President's Information Technology Advisory Committee, 2005, available at: http://www.nitrd.gov/pitac/reports/20050301_cybersecurity/cybersecurity.pdf.

^{^[31]} For more information, references and links see the ITU Cybersecurity Work Programme to Assist Developing Countries (20072009), 2007, available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-cybersecurity-work-programme-developing- countries.pdf.

^{^[32]} For more information see Kellermann, Technology risk checklist, Cybercrime and Security, IIB-2, page 1.

^{^[33]} See: Schjolberg/Hubbard, Harmonizing National Legal Approaches on Cybercrime, 2005, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/docs/Background_Paper_Harmonizing_National_and_Legal_Approaches_on_Cybercrime.p df; See as well Pillar One ITU Cybersecurity Work Programme, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/pillars- goals/index.html; With regard to the elements of an anti-cybercrime strategy see below: Chapter 4.

^{^[34]} See in this context: ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 14, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[35]} For more information on the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), see: http://www.itu.int/wsis/

^{^[36]} The WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, available at: http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2267I0

^{^[37]} The WSIS Geneva Plan of Action, available at: http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=1160I0

^{^[38]} For more information on WSIS action line C5: Building confidence and security in the use of ICTs see: http://www.itu.int/wsis/c5/

^{^[39]} For more information on the Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA) see: http://www.itu.int/cybersecurity/gca/

^{^[40]} For more information see: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/pillars-goals/index.html.

^{^[41]} For an overview about the most important instruments in the fight against Cybercrime see below: Chapter 6.2.

^{^[42]} Gercke, The Slow Wake of a Global Approach Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International 2006, 141. For an overview about the most important substantive criminal law provisions see below: Chapter 6.1.

₄₇See Sieber, Cybercrime, The Problem behind the term, DSWR 1974, 245 et. Seqq.

Legislative Approaches to Identity Theft: An Overview, CIPPIC Working Paper No.3, 2007; Schjolberg, The legal framework - unauthorized access to computer systems - penal legislation in 44 countries, available at: http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html.

^{^[45]} See below: Chapter 6.1.

^{^[46]} See below: Chapter 6.1.

^{^[47]} For an overview about the most relevant challenges in the fight against Cybercrime see below: Chapter 3.2.

^{^[48]} One possibility to mask the identity is the use of anonymous communication services. See: Claessens/Preneel/Vandewalle, 'solutions for Anonymous Communication on the Internet", 1999; Regarding the technical discussion about traceability and anonymity, see: "CERT Research 2006 Annual Report", page 7 et seqq., available at: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdfcert_rsch_annual_rpt_2006.pdf; Regarding anonymous file-sharing systems see: Clarke/Sandberg/Wiley/Hong, "Freenet: a distributed anonymous information storage and retrieval system", 2001; Chothia/Chatzikokolakis, "A Survey of Anonymous Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing", available at: http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.pdf; Han/Liu/Xiao;Xiao, "A Mutual Anonymous Peer-to-Peer Protocol Design", 2005.

^{^[49]} Regarding legal responses to the challenges of anonymous communication see below: Chapter 6.2.11

^{^[50]} Regarding the transnational dimension of cybercrime see: Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension" in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 7, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf.

^{^[51]} Regarding the possibilities of network storage services, see: Clark, Storage Virtualisation Technologies for Simplyfing Data Storage and Management, 2005.

^{^[52]} Regarding the need for international cooperation in the fight against Cybercrime, see: Putnam/Elliott, "International Responses to Cyber Crime", in Sofaer/Goodman, " Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 35 et seqq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_35.pdf; Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension" in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 1 et seqq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf

^{^[53]} See below: Chapter 6.3.

^{^[54]} Gercke, The Slow Wake of a Global Approach Against Cybercrime, Computer Law Review International 2006, 141.

^{^[55]} Dual criminality exists if the offence is a crime under both the requestor and requesting party's laws. The difficulties the dual criminality principle can cause within international investigations are a current issue in a number of international conventions and treaties. Examples include Art. 2 of the EU Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA). Regarding the dual criminality principle in international investigations, see: "United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer-Related Crime", 269, available at http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/EighthCongress.html; Schjolberg/Hubbard, "Harmonizing National Legal Approaches on Cybercrime", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/ presentations/session12_schjolberg.pdf; Plachta, International Cooperation in the Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational Crimes, UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 57, 114^th International Training Course, page 87 et. seqq., available at: http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/PDF_rms/no57/57-08.pdf.

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