Apоsiореsis, Anacoluthon, Retardation
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis, anacoluthon, retardation and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way to salvation – to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of the children… (P. Q.)
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show – (Hastily) I don't mean – But let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave – or – or, better yet – maybe drown herself – make away with herself in some way – or – " (Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I – I want to speak to you in – in strictest confidence – to ask your advice. Yet – yet it is upon such a serious matter that I hesitate – fearing – " (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any thing stop you from – " (He checks himself – goes on hurriedly.) That made her sore. (O'N.)
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to look there – until – until – well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh, these days! I wonder how anybody can…" (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had... (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going – or else." (P. Q.)
11. …shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat. (Ch.)
12. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
13. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
Repetition
I. Classify the following cases of repetition according to the position occupied by the repeated unit. State their functions.
1. Heroes all. Natural leaders. Morrows always been leaders, always been gentlmen. Oh, take a drink once in a while but always like Morrows. Always know how to make heroic gestures – except me – how to knock their wifes up with good Morrow sons – how to make money without looking like they even give a damn. Oh the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows, to the last syllable of recorded time – (T. H.)
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2. …the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across and across. (E. F.)
3. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot – I drew a deep breath... (J. Br.)
4. There seemed to be no escape, no prospect of freedom. "If I had a thousand pounds," thought Miss Fulkes, "a thousand pounds. A thousand pounds." The words were magical. "A thousand pounds." (A. H.)
5. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody humour. (D.)
6. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him, better for me. (D.)
7. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while the landlord wrote. (D.)
8. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a cell door as of old. (D.)
9. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead... (J. Br.)
10. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. (St. H.)
11. …they took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped at last at that very house. (D.)
12. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor, squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley. (D. du M.)
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13. If he had acted guilty they would have had him. But he had carried it off. He had carried it off, and it was the private who had come out as the guilty party.
14. Mr. Winkle is gone. He must be found, Sam – found and brought back to me. (D.)
15. …all was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of that room. (B. D.)
16. You know – how brilliant he is, what he should be doing. And it hurts me. It hurts me every day of my life. (W.D.)
17. If you have anything to say, say it, say it. (D.)
II. Classify the following cases of morphological repetition according to the place of the repeated morpheme and the function of repetition.
1. She unchained, unbolted, and unlocked the door. (A. B.)
2. "You, Sir," said Snawley, addressing the terrified Smike, "are an unnatural, ungrateful, unloveable boy."
3. Young Blight made a great show of fetching from his desk a long thin manuscript volume with a brown paper cover, and running his finger down the day's appointments, murmuring, "Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs, Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin. Yes, Sir, quite right. You are a little before your time, sir."
Young Blight made another great show of changing the volume, taking up a pen, sucking it, dipping it, and running over previous entries before he wrote. As, "Mr. Alley, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Calley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley, Mr. Halley, Mr. Kalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (D.)
4. …it's all the chatting and the feeding and the old squiring and the toing and froing that runs away with the time. (K.A.)
5. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, David Rossi's people brought him home in triumph. (H. C.)
6. There was then... a calling over of names, and great work of singeing, sealing, stamping, inking, and sanding, with exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results. (D.)
7. The precious twins – untried, unnoticed, undirected – and I say it quiet with my hands down – undiscovered. (S.)
8. I'm an undersecretary in an underbureau. (I. Sh.)
9. All colours and blends of Americans have somewhat the same tendencies. It's a breed selected out by accident. And so we are overbrave and overfearful – we're kind and cruel as children. We're overfriendly and at the same time frightened of strangers… We're oversentimental and realistic. (St.)
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10. The procession then re-formed; the chairmen resumed their stations; and the march was re-commenced. (D.)
11. Force of police arriving, he recognized in them the conspirators, and laid about him hoarsely, fiercely, staringly, convulsively, foamingly. (D.)
12. The doctor's friend was in the positive degree of hoarsness, red-facedness, all-fours, tobacco, dirt and brandy; the doctor in the comparative – hoarser, puffier, more red-faced, more all-foury, tobaccoer, dirtier and brandier. (D.)
13. "She says – you know her way – she says, 'You're the chickenest-hearted, feeblest, faintest man I ever see." (D.)
14. He had always been looked up to as a high authority on all matters of amusement and dexterity, whether offensive, defensive or inoffensive. (D.)
15. The guides called to the mules, the mules pricked up their drooping heads, the travellers' tongues were loosened, and in a sudden burst of slipping, climbing, jingling, clinking and talking, they arrived at the convent door. (D.)
16. …the gloomy Cathedral of Our Lady… without the walls, encompassing Paris with dancing, love-making, wine-drinking, tobacco-smoking, tomb-visiting, billiard- card- and domino-playing, quack-doctoring... (D.)
Parallelism
I. Classify the following parallel constructions into complete and partial parallelism:
1. It was Mr. Squeers's custom to make a sort of report regarding the relations and friends he had seen, the news he had heard, the letters he had brought down, the bills which had been paid, the accounts which had been unpaid, and so forth. (D.)
2. It is the fate of most men who mingle with the world and attain even in the prime of life, to make many real friends, and lose them in the course of nature. It is the fate of all authors or chroniclers to create imaginary friends, and lose them in the course of art. (D.)
3. You know I am very grateful to him; don't you? You know I feel a true respect for him … don't you? (D.)
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4. …their anxiety is so keen, their vigilance is so great, their excited joy grows so intense as the signs of life strengthen, that how can she resist it! (D.)
5. "If you are sorrowful, let me know why, and be sorrowful too; if you waste away and are paler and weaker every day, let me be your nurse and try to comfort you. If you are poor, let us be poor together; but let me be with you." (D.)
6. What is it? Who is it? When was it? Where was it? How was it? (D.)
7. The coach was waiting, the horses were fresh, the roads were good, and the driver was willing. (D.)
8. The Reverend Frank Milvey's abode was a very modest abode, because his income was a very modest income. (D.)
9. …they all stood, high and dry, safe and sound, hale and hearty, upon the steps of the Blue Lion. (D.)
10. The expression of his face, the movement of his shoulders, the turn of his spine, the gesture of his hands, probably even the twiddle of his toes, all indicated a half-humorous apology. (S. M.)
11. The one was all the other failed to be. Protective, not demanding; dependable, not weak; low-voiced, never strident… (D. duM.)
12. The sky was dark and gloomy, the air damp and raw, the streets wet and sloppy. (D.)
II. State what other syntactical stylistic means are used alongside with the following cases of parallelism.
1. He was a sallow man – all cobblers are; and had a strong bristly beard – all cobblers have. (D.)
2. You missed a friend, you know; or you missed a foe, you know; or you wouldn't come here, you know. (D.)
3. Through all the misery that followed this union; through all the cold neglect and undeserved reproach; through all the poverty he brought upon her; through all the struggles of their daily life… she toiled on. (D.)
4. It's only an adopted child. One I have told her of. One I'm going to give the name to. (D.)
Chiasmus
I. Discuss the following cases of chiasmus.
1. I know the world and the world knows me. (D.)
2. Mr. Boffin looked full at the man, and the man looked full at Mr. Boffin. (D.)
3. There are so many sons who won't have anything to do with their fathers, and so many fathers who won't speak to their sons. (O. W.)
4. I looked at the gun, and the gun looked at me. (R. Ch.)
5. His dislike of her grew because he was ashamed of it... Resentment bred shame, and shame in its turn bred more resentment. (A. H.)
6. For the former her adoration was ecstatic and therefore blind; her admiration for the latter, although equally devoted, was less uncritical. (V.)
7. Well! Richard said that he would work his fingers to the bone for Ada, and Ada said that she would work her fingers to the bone for Richard. (D.)
Polysyndeton
I. State the functions of the following examples of polysyndeton. Pay attention to the repeated conjunction and the number of repetitions.
1. And the coach, and the coachman, and the horses, rattled, and jangled, and whipped, and cursed, and swore, and tumbled on together, till they came to Golden Square. (D.)
2. And they wore their best and more colourful clothes. Red shirts and green shirts and yellow shirts and pink shirts. (P. A.)
3. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him and towelled him, until he was as red as beet-root. (D.)
4. …Then from the town pour Wops and Chinamen and Polaks, men and women in trousers and rubber coats and oilcloth aprons. They come running to clean and cut and plack and cook and can the fish. The whole street rumbles and groans and screams and rattles while the silver rivers of fish pour in out of the boats and the boats rise higher and higher in the water until they are empty. The canneries rumble and rattle and squeak until the last fish is cleaned and cut and cooked and canned and then the whistles scream again and the dripping smelly tired Wops and Chinamen and Polaks, men and women- straggle out and droop their ways up the hill into the town and Cannery Row becomes itself again – quiet and magical. (St.)
5. Mr. Richard, or his beautiful cousin, or both, could sign something, or make over something, or give some sort of undertaking, or pledge, or bond? (D.)
6. First the front, then the back, then the sides, then the superscription, then the seal, were objects of Newman's admiration. (D.)
SEMINAR 8
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