Syntagmatic semasiology
Simile
I. Classify the following into traditional and original similes.
1. "He has a tongue like a sword and a pen like a dagger" (H.C.).
2. She went on to say that she wanted all her children absorb the meaning of the words they sang, not just mouth them, like silly-billy parrots. (S.)
3. The air was warm and felt like a kiss as we stepped the plane. (D. W.) '
4. He stood immovable like a rock in a torrent. (J. R.)
5. He wore a grey double-breasted waistcoat, and his eyes gleamed like raisins. (Gr. Gr.)
6. His speech had a jerky, metallic rhythm, like a teletype. (T. C.)
7. The lamp made an ellipse of yellow light on the ceiling, and on the mantel the little alabaster clock dripped time like a leaking faucet. (P.M.)
8. I left her laughing. The sound was like a hen having hiccups. (R. Ch.)
II. State the semantic field, to which the second components of the similes belong.
1. His mind went round and round like a squirrel in a cage, going over the past. (Ch.)
2. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros." (К- А.)
3. "I'm as sharp," said Quilp to him at parting, "as sharp as a ferret." (D.)
4. And then in a moment she would come to life and be as quick and restless as a monkey. (G.)
5. It was a young woman and she entered like a wind-rush, a squall of scarves and jangling gold. (T. C.)
6. "Funny how ideas come," he said afterwards, "Like a flash of lightning." (S.M.)
7. She perceived that even personalities were failing to hold the party. The room filled with hesitancy as with a fog. (S.L.)
III. Analyse the causes, due to which a developed image is created (key to a simile, explicitness of the second component, etc.).
1. He felt like an old book: spine defective, covers dull, slight foxing, fly missing, rather shaken copy. (K.A.)
2. "You're like the East. One loves it at first sight, or not at all, and one never knows itany better." (G.)
3. He ached from head to foot, all zones of pain seemingly interdependent. He was rather like a Christmas tree whose lights, wired in series, must all go out if even one bulb is defective. (S.)
4. London seems to me like some hoary massive underworld, a Hoary ponderous inferno. The traffic flows through the rigid grey streets like the rivers of hell through their banks of dry, rocky ash. (D. H. L.)
5. For a long while – for many years in fact – he had not thought of how it was before he came to the farm. His memory of those times was like a house where no one lives and where the furniture has rotted away. But tonight it was as if lamps had been lighted through all the gloomy dead rooms. (T. C.)
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7. Mag Wildwood couldn't understand it, the abrupt absence of warmth on her return; the conversation she began behaved like green logs, they fumed but would not fire. (T. C.)
IV. Analyse the following disguised similes; Indicate verbs and phrases organizing them.
1. H.G. Wells reminded her of the rice paddies ih her native California. Acres and acres of shiny water but never more than two inches deep. (A. H.)
2. There are in every large chicken-yard a number of old and indignant hens who resemble Mrs. Bogart and when they are served at Sunday noon dinner, as fricasseed chicken with thick dumplings, they keep up the resemblance. (S. L.)
3....grinning a strangely taut, full-width grin which made his large teeth resemble a dazzling miniature piano keyboard in the green light. (J.)
4. Her startled glance descended like a beam of light, and settled for a moment on the man's face. He was fortyish and rather fat, with a moustache that made her think of the yolk of an egg, and a nose that spread itself. (W. D.)
5. I'm not nearly hot enough to draw a word-picture that would do justice to that extraordinarily hefty crash. Try to imagine the Albert Hall falling on the Crystal Palace, and you will have got the rough idea. (P.G.W.)
Oxymoron
I. Discuss the structure of the following oxymorons.
1. They looked courteous curses at me. (St.)
2. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. (I. Sh.)
3. He was certain the whites could easily detect his adoring hatred of them (Wr.). 4. It was an unanswerable reply and silence prevailed again. (D.)
5. Her lips were livid scarlet. (S.M.)
6. A very likeable young man, Bill Eversleigh. Age at a guess, twenty-five, big and rather ungainly in his movements, a pleasantly ugly face, a splendid set of white teeth and a pair of honest blue eyes. (Ch.)
7. From the bedroom beside the sleeping-porch, his wife's detestably cheerful "Time to get up, Georgie boy "... (S. L.)
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8. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature (V.)
9....a neon sign which reads, "Welcome to Reno, the biggest little town in the world." (A. M.)
10. "Tastes like rotten apples," said Adam. "Yes, but remember, Jam Hamilton said like good rotten apples." (St.)
11. "It was you who made me a liar," she cried silently. (M. W.)
12. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than thunder. (U.)
13. I got down off that stool and walked to the door in a silence that was as loud as a ton of coal going down a chute. (R. Ch.)
14. I've made up my mind. If you're wrong, you're wrong in the right way. (P.)
15. Soapy walked eastward through a street damaged by improvements... He seemed doomed to liberty! (O.H.)
II. Find original and trite oxymorons among the following.
1. For an eternity of seconds, it seemed, the din was all but incredible. (S.)
2. Of course, it was probably an open secret locally. (Ch.)
3. She was a damned nice woman, too. (H.)
4. He'd behaved pretty lousily to Jan. (D. C.)
5. It's very tender, it's sweet as hell, the way the women wear their prettiest every thing. (T. C.)
Antithesis
I. Give morphological and syntactical characteristics of the following cases of antithesis.
1....something significant may come out at last, which may be criminal or heroic, may be madness or wisdom (J.C.)
2. Don't use big words. They mean so little. (O.W.)
3.Mrs. Nork had a large home and a small husband. (S.L.)
4. He ordered a bottle of the worst possible port wine, at the highest possible price. (D.)
5. It is safer to be married to the man you can be happy with than to the man you cannot be happy without. (E.)
6. The mechanics are underpaid, and underfed, and overworked. (J.A.)
7. There was something eerie about the apartment house, an unearthly quiet that was a combination of over-carpeting and under-occupancy. (R. Ch.)
8. In marriage the upkeep ofwoman is often the downfall of man. (E.)
II. Analyse the following examples of developed antithesis.
1. Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream. Cannery Row is the gathered and scattered, tin and iron, and rust and splintered wood, chipped pavement and weedy lots and junk heaps, sardine canneries of corrugated iron, honky tonks, restaurants and whore houses, and little crowded groceries, and laboratories and flophouses. Its inhabitants are, as the man once said, "whores, pimps, gamblers and sons of bitches," by which he meant Everybody. Had the man looked through" another peephole he might have said, "saints and angels and martyrs and holy men," and he would have meant the same thing. (St.)
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2. Men's talk was better than women's. Never food, never babies, never sickness, or boots needing mending, but people, what happened, the reason. Not the state of the house, but the state of the Army. Not the children next door, but the rebels in France. Never what broke the china, but who broke the treaty. Not what spoilt the washing, but who spilled the beans... Some of it was puzzling and some of it was tripe, but all of it was better than darning Charley's socks. (D. du M.)
3....as we passed it seemed that two worlds were meeting. The world of worry about rent and rates and groceries, of the smell of soda and blacklead and "No Smoking" and "No Spitting" and "Please Have the Correct Change Ready" and the world of the Rolls and the Black Market clothes and the Coty perfume and the career ahead of one running on well-oiled grooves to a knight-hood... (J. Br.)
4. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. (D.)
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5. They went down to the camp in black, but they came back to the town in white; they went down to the camp in ropes, they came back in chains of gold; they went down to the camp in fetters, but came back with their steps enlarged under them; they went also to the camp looking for death, but they came back from thence with assurance of life; they went down to the camp with heavy hearts, but came back with pipes and tabor playing before them. (J. Bun.)
6. A special contrast Mr. George makes to Smallweed family. It is a broadsword to an oyster knife. His developed figure, and their stunned forms; his large manner, filling any amount of room; and their little narrow pinched ways; his sounding voice and their sharp spare tones are in the strongest and the strangest opposition (D.).
Zeugma
I. Classify the following into zeugmas and semantically false chains.
1. Mr. Stiggins took his hat and his leave (D.).
2. Disco was working in all his shore dignity and a pair of beautiful carpet slippers. (R. K.)
3. Mr. Trundle was in high feather and spirits. All the girls were in tears and white muslin. (D.)
4. The fat boy went into the next room; and having been absent about a minute, returned with the snuff-box and the palest face that ever a fat boy wore. (D.)
5. She had her breakfast and her bath. (S.M.)
6. Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. (D.)
7. Mr. Smangle was still engaged in relating a long story, the chief point of which appeared to be that, on some occasion particularly stated and set forth, he had "done" a bill and a gentleman at the same time. (D.)
8. Only at the annual balls of the Firemen was there such prodigality of chiffon scarfs and tangoing and heart-burnings … (S. L.)
9. Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin prettiness, devoted to experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandalbearing, shook her finger at Carol … (S. L.)
10. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and high temperature. (G.)
11. A Governess wanted. Must possess knowledge of Rumanian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, German. Music and Mining Engineering. (L.)
Pun
I. State in which cases pun is created through the simultaneous realization of different meanings of a polysemantic word and in which through homonyms.
1. His looks were starched, but his white neckerchief was not; and its long limp ends struggled over his closely-buttoned waistcoat in a very uncouth and unpicturesque manner. (D.)
2. Gertrude found her aunt in a syncope from which she passed into an apostrophe and never recovered. (L.)
3. There comes a period in every man's life, but she's just a semicolon in his. (Ev.)
4. "Have you been seeing any spirits?" inquired the old gentleman. "Or taking any?" added Bob Allen. (D.)
5. "Where did you pick up Dinny, Lawrence?" "In the street." "That sounds improper." (G.)
6. Lord G.:I am going to give you some good advice. Mrs. Ch.: Oh! Pray don't. One should never give a woman anything that she can't wear in the evening. (O.W.)
7. For a time she put a Red Cross uniform and met other ladies similarly dressed in the armory, where bandages were rolled and reputations unrolled. (St.)
8. Did you hit a woman with a child? No, Sir, I hit her with a brick. (Th. S.)
9. It rained during the US – USSR match at summit level in Moscow. But it not only rained rain, it rained records. (D. W.)
10. "I was such a lonesome girl until you came," she said. "There's not a single man in all this hotel that's half alive". "But I'm not a single man," Mr. Topper replied cautiously. "Oh, I don't mean that," she laughed. "And anyway I hate single men. They always propose marriage." (Th. S.)
11. Alg.: Besides, your name isn't Jack at all; it is Ernest.
Jack.: It isn't Ernest; it's Jack.
Alg.: You have always told me it was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one as Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life. It is perfectly absurd your saying that your name isn't Ernest. (O.W.)
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