Courts and Their Functions
Task # 1
The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels that his case was not fairly treated in a lower court, can appeal to a higher court for reassessment.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the state.
There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance (appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a case and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court, from the district court to the Supreme Court of the state, may sit as a court of first instance. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.
The Constitutional Court ensures that the laws and other normative acts, passed or being considered by the supreme and local legislative branches, are constitutional.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative and other cases. It exercises judicial supervision over the activities in the procedural forms envisaged by federal law and provides interpretation on the issues of court practice. It tries the most important criminal and civil cases and hears appeals against the judgments and sentences of other courts.
The basic judicial body is the district court. District courts try both criminal and civil cases. It is also the duty of the district courts to protect the electoral rights of citizens. The higher courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation hear and determine cases of major importance. They are courts of appellate jurisdiction.
The Supreme Arbitration Court is the highest judicial body for settling economic disputes and other cases examined by courts of arbitration. It exercises judicial supervision over their activities in the procedural forms envisaged by federal law and provides interpretation on issues of court proceedings.
In all courts cases are tried in public. The participants in the trial (the prosecutor, the lawyers, the plaintiff, the judge, the defendant and the others) speak in the open court. The accused is guaranteed the right to defend. The press has the right to be present.
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During the hearing of a case any citizen may enter the courtroom and be present during the trial from the beginning to the end. The hearing of cases in closed session is allowed only in exceptional cases. Closed sessions are only allowed if it is in the interests of both sides or for the necessity to keep state secrets. Trial without participation of both sides is not allowed. The judges are independent and they must obey the law.
INTERPOL
Interpol is an international corporation founded in 1923. It coordinates actions against international criminals. This organization is not under the control or supervision of any government.
Interpol is an intergovernmental police force whose task is to hunt down the international criminal. It fights against international terrorism and sky-jacking. Interpol also leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the searching for wanted Nazi war criminals. It operates according to a strict code of behaviour and adheres to the highest ethical standards.
Interpol members are, for the most part, police and not governmental representatives.
Interpol does not have powers of arrest or any investigative rights. Its function is to disseminate information. Today 80 percent of the staff is French. Interpol is like any large corporation with bureaus in different countries. Information is exchanged between national bureaus.
Interpol is divided into four main bodies - the General Assembly, the Executive Committee, the General Secretariat and the National Central Bureaus.
The General Assembly is composed of the delegates from each country. It is “the Supreme Authority”. The General Assembly controls the policy of the organization.
The Executive Committee is a nine-member board made-up of the president, two vice-presidents and six delegates chosen by the General Assembly.
The General Secretariat, located in Lion, is Interpol’s business division. Its departments handle murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, missing persons, embezzlement, drug traffic, moral offences, forgery, and so on.
Other divisions are the general records department, where files are kept, and a special records department, where fingerprints and other methods of identification are used.
Task # 2
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