Here are the answers to some questions. Write the questions.
1...............................................................................................................?
Since he was eleven.
2................................................................................................................?
Between forty and sixty.
3.................................................................................................................?
Yes, he has. He gave up for six months after his lungs collapsed.
4..................................................................................................................?
For fifteen years.
5...................................................................................................................?
About ten.
6....................................................................................................................?
In 1991.
7.....................................................................................................................?
About &1 million a year.
8......................................................................................................................?
Fifteen.
Discussion. Discuss the following in small groups. Then report back to the whole class.
6. How much is a packet of cigarettes in Russia? How much of that is tax? What sort of health warnings are there? Do tobacco companies sponsor any sports events?
7. Why is it that drugs such as nicotine and alcohol are legal in many countries, while other drugs are illegal?
8. Do you think smoking should be banned in all public places? Or, should smokers be allowed to smoke when and where they want?
BULLING.
Some causes and effects.
What causes a child to begin bulling others? If you have ever been victimized by a bully, you may be tempted to say, “There’s no exuse for that kind of behaviour.” And you are probably right. But there is a big difference between a reason and an exuse. The reasons why a child becomes bully do not exuse the wrong behaviour, but they might help us understand it.
Anger at the bully’s conduct can blind us, filling us with frustration and even hatred. But insight into his behaviour may help cool our anger, allowing us to see more clearly as we seach for solutions. So let’s consider some factors that give rise to this unacceptable behaviour.
Many bullies come from homes where the parents are cold or uninvolved or have,in effect, taught their children to ude rage and violence to handle problems. Children raised in such an environment may not see their own verbal attacks and physical aggression as bulling.
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One 16-year-old girl, bulled at home by her stepfather and at school by fellow students says that she became a bully herself in the seventh grade. She admit:”Basically it was a lot of anger building up inside of me; I just picked on anybody. Feeling pain is a big thing. Once you feel the pain, you want to dish it out.” While such physical agression may not be typical of girl bullies, the anger behind it is.
Many schools bring together large numbers of students from different backgrounds, who have been reared in widely verying ways. Sadly, some children are aggressive because they have been taught at home that intimidating others and verbally abusing them are the best means of getting their own way.
Unfortunately, such methods often seem to work. Shelley Hymel, educational psychologist, says “Unfortunately, bullying works. Bullies get what they want: power, status and attention.”
Another factor that helps bullying to thrive is a lack of supervision. Many victims feel that they have no place to turn, tragically, often they are right. Debra Pepler, researcher into violance found that teachers detect and stop only about 4 per cent of bullying incidents.
Yet, Dr. Pepler believes that intervention is crucial. She says: “Children are incapable of solving the problem because it’s about power. Each time a bully picks on someone, the bully’s power is enforced.”
So why aren’t more cases of bullying reported? Because victims of bullying are convinced that if they report the problem, it will only get worse. Thus, to some extent, many young people spend their school years in a permanent stste of anxiety and insecurity.
A report from the National Association of School Psychologists in the United States says that every day more than 160,000 children miss school because they fear being bullied. Targets of bullying may stop talking about school. They may try to go to school late each day or miss classes or even to miss school entrily. Children who are bullied may become moody, irritable, frustrated, or act tired and withdrawn. They may become aggressive with those at home or with peers and friends. Innocent bystanders who observe acts of bullying also suffer consequences. The situation induces considerable fear in them, which detracts from their ability to learn.
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The most extreme consequence of bullying for victims and society is violence, including suicide and murder. A profrssor of public health sciences expresses concern that “those who are involved in bullying are much more likely to experience emotional difficulties now and in the future.” During the 2001 school year, more than 225,000 Ontario students were surveyed, and between one fourth and one third of them were involved in some from of bullying, either as a target or as a perpetrator. In the same group, 1 in 10 had seriouslycontemplated suicide.
Persistent bullying may erode a victim’s self-cofidence, induce serious health problems, and even ruin a career. Bullied individuals may experience headaches, sleeplessness, anxiety, and depression. Whereas physical attacks may bring on an outpouring of sympathetic support for the victim, emotional attacks may not elict the samerespose. The damage is far less apparent. So instead of sympathizing, friends and family may tire of hearing the victim’s complaints.
Bullying also has bad effects on the bullies themselves. If not stopped in childhood, they will likely grow up to bully others in the work- place. In fact, some students reveal that those who had been bullies as children developed behaviour patterns that endured into adult life. They were also more likely to have a criminal record than those who were not bullies.
Workplace bullying affects domestic stability and tranquillity. It can’t trigger an inexplicable urge for the target, or victim, to hurt loved once at home. Furthermore, it can lead a spouse of family member to fight the bully in a misguided show a support for the victim. On the other hand, a spouse may blame his or her victimized mate for bringing on the trouble. In some instances bullying results in a loss of career and livelihood, in separation and divorce, or even in suicide.
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Workplace bullying is also costly for employers. A workplace bully could be an acid-tongued boss or a scheming co-worker and is likely to be a woman as a man. Such ones overcontrol, micro-manage, and put others down with negative remarks and constant criticism. Bullies rarely recognize their impoliteness or apologize for their behaviour.
Workers who experience bullying tend to work less efficiently. The productivity of co-workers who witness bullying is also affected. Bullying can lead workers to feel less loyal to their employer and less committed to their work. One report claims that bullies cost industry in the United Kingdom and estimated two-milliard pounds each year. Clearly bullying has an impact on society worldwide. The question is: Can anything be done to curb the problem and eliminate it?
bully - изводить, издеваться bystander - свидетель
hatred - ненависть perpetrator - виновный
uninvolved - оставшийся в стороне erode - подрывать
pick on - привязываться outpour - изливать
dish out - причинять sympathetic - сочувственный
intimidate - запугивать elicit - добиться
crucial - решающий trigger - вызывать
anxiety - тревога acid-tongued - злоязычный
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livelihood - средства urge - побуждение
scheming - занимающийся интригами
YOUNG PEOPLE AND DRUGS
“Did they have to die?”
That was the question raised on the cover of the Brazilian magazine VEJA. Along with those words were photos of pleasant, normal-looking youths who had died – victims of drug abuse.
“Drugs are tearing apart our societies, spawning crime, spreading dideases such as AIDS, and killing our youth and our future.” (Kofi Annan, UN secretary-general).
Despite well-known risks, people continues to destroy lives. Drug abuse costs the United Ststes an estimated 100 billion dollars a year in health care, reduced job productivity, lost earnings, and crime. But perhaps it is young ones – children – who pay the highest price. According to a Brazilian study reported on in Jornal da Tarde, 24.7 percent of youths between 10 and 17 years of age have already tried some kind of drug.
While teenage drug use in the United States may have declined somewhat in recent years, alarming numbers of young ones there are addicted. Consider seniors in high school. According to one study, 37 per cent had at least tried marijuana in the previous year. One out of 5 had used it in the past month. Almost 1 out of 10 had tried the drug ecstasy in the past year. Over 6 per cent had tried LSD. Reports from all over the world are grim. The British Office for National Ststistics reports that “12 per cent of pupils aged 11-15 had used drugs in the last... Cannabis (marijuana) was by far the most likely drug to have been used.” Particularly alarming was the fact that “more than one third (35 per cent) had been offered one or more drugs.”
A report sponsored by the European Union likewise reveals that among young people, “drinking to inebriation has become increasingly common.” The report also says that such “alcohol abuse is associated with various short term adverse effects such as accidents, violence and poisoning, as well as with developmental and social problems.” From Japan comes a report that “the drugs most often used by teenagers in Japan are organic solvents, which can lead to other drug use.”
Little wonder, then, that UN Secretary – General Kifi Annan said: “Drugs are tearing apart our societies, spawning crime, spreading diseases such as AIDS, and killing our youth and our future.” Often, people involved with drugs are resposible for crimes such as drug trafficking and drug-related homicides. In addition, because of abusing drugs, many people become victims of violence, and injured, or engage in risky, unplanned sex. And if you think that your family is immune, think again! One U.S. government report said: “Drugs are not a problem solely of the poor, minorities, or inner city residents.... Drug users come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country. The drug problem affects everyone.”
Yet, parents often do not sense the denger until it is too late. Consider the case of one young Brazilian girl. “ She was drinking alcoholic beverages,” explains her sister. “The family thought it was cute. But this led to her experimenting with drugs with her boyfriends. Since my parents always treated her as if the problems she caused were of no consequence, her condition got out control. Several times she disappeared. And every time a young woman was found dead, the police called my father to see if she was the one! This caused my family great distress.”
The World Health Organization presents five basic reasons why young ones might be drawn to drugs:
· They want to feel grown-up and make their own decisions.
· They want to fit in.
· They want to relax and feel good.
· They want to take risks and rebel.
· They want to satisfy their curiosity.
Drug availability and peer pressure also increase the likelihood that a youth will begin this self-destructive course. “My parents never said anything about drugs. In school the teachers mentioned the problem but without going into detail,” explains Luiz Antonio, a Brazilian youth. Spurred on by schoolmates, he was 14 years old. Later, when he tried to quit, his drug-supplying “friends” pressured him at knifepoint to continue his habit!
abuse злоупотреблять
addicred пристраститься
ecstasy сильный наркотик, вызывающий галлюцинации
LSD то же
cannabis конопля
inebriation опьянение
solvent растворитель
involved with (зд.) пристраститься к наркотикам
drug traffiking торговля наркотиками
immune (зд.) ограждённый
solely единственно
minorities меньшинства (национальные, расовые)
inner city старая центральная часть города
walk of life общественное положение
alcoholic beverage алкогольные напитки
fit in приспосабливаться, быть как все
peer pressure давление ближайшего круга
to be spurred on быть подстрекаемым
at knifepoint под угрозой ножа
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