What do parents owe their children?
If I had to select a word that best describes the majority of American parents that word would be guilt-ridden. It’s often sad to see parents becoming the willing victims of the “give-me-game” only to discover that, no matter what they do, it’s not enough. Finally they are despised for the lack of firmness and blamed when their children get into trouble. With this in mind I’ll try to answer the question: “What do parents owe their children?”, but I’ll start with what they don’t owe them.
Parents don’t owe their children every minute of their day and every ounce of their energy. They don’t owe them round-the-clock car service, singing lessons, tennis lessons, expensive bicycles, a motorcycle or a car when they reach sixteen, or a trip to Europe when they graduate.
I take the firm position that parents don’t owe their children a college education. If they can afford it, fine: they can certainly send them to the best universities. But they mustn’t feel guilty if they can’t. If the children really want to study, they’ll find a way. There are plenty of loans and scholarships for the bright and eager who can’t afford to pay.
After children marry, their parents don’t owe to buy a house for them or give money for the furniture. They don’t have an obligation to baby-sit or take their grandchildren in their home when the parents are on vacation. If they want to do it, it must be considered as a favor, not an obligation.
In my opinion parents don’t owe their children an inheritance, no matter how much money they have. One of the surest ways to produce a loafer is to let children know that their future is assured.
Do parents owe their children anything? Yes, they owe them a great deal.
One of their chief obligations is to give their children a sense of personal worth, because self-esteem is the basis of a good mental health. A youngster who is constantly made to feel stupid, constantly compared to brighter brothers, sisters or cousins, will become so unsure, so afraid of failing, that he ( or she ) won’t try at all. Of course, they should be corrected when they do wrong- this is the way children learn. But the criticism should be balanced with praises, preferably with a smile and a kiss. No child is ever too old to be hugged.
Parents owe their children firm guidance and consistent discipline. It’s frightening for a youngster to feel that he is in charge of himself; it’s like being in a car without brakes.
Parents owe their children some religious training. The fact so many strange cults are enjoying such success is proof that children feel the need for something spiritual in their life.
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Parents owe their children a comfortable feeling about their body, and enough information about sex to balance the misinformation that they will certainly get from their friends.
Parents owe their children privacy and respect for their personal belongings. This means not borrowing things without permission, not reading diaries and mail, not looking through purses, pockets and drawers. If a mother feels that she must read her daughter’s diary to know what is going on, the communication between them must be pretty bad.
Parents owe their children a set of solid values around which to build their lives. This means teaching them to respect the rights and opinions of others; it means being respectful to elders, to teachers and to the law. The best way to teach such values is by example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child who sees his parents steal tools from the factory or towels from a hotel will thing that it’s all right steal.
No child asks to be born. If you bring a life into the world, you owe the child something. And if you give him his due, he’ll have something of value to pass along to your grandchildren.
Exercises
1. Translate into English.
Избаловать ребенка, самоуважение, главная обязанность, чувство собственного достоинства, попасть в неприятности, добровольная жертва, большинство родителей, недостаток твердости/строгости, испытывать нужду в чем-л., обнаружить, учить примером, занимать твердую позицию, брать вещи без разрешения, сидеть с ребенком, уважать мнение других, сравнивать кого-л. с кем-л.
Now make some sentences of your own with these words and word combinations.
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2. Put in the right preposition.
1. Grandparents don’t owe to baby-sit…….their grandchildren while their parents…….vacation.
2. Some young people prefer leaving home…….staying…….their parents.
3. Young parents have to spend a lot…….money…….toys…….their babies.
4. When a youngster gets…….trouble he is sometimes afraid…….asking his parents…….help.
5. It’s frightening…….a youngster to feel that he’s…….charge…….himself.
6. Parents shouldn’t blame their children…….their mistakes.
7. When young people leave their homes they have to look…….a place to live……
8. I cannot understand children who are rude…….their parents: shout…….them, don’t listen…….them.
9. When he left home, his attitude…….his parents seemed to change.
10. Parents owe their children privacy and respect…….their personal belongings.
3. Train your Complex Object.
1. Печально видеть, как родители становятся добровольными жертвами игры «дай мне».
2. Многие дети ждут, что их родители посвятят им всю свою жизнь без остатка.
3. Согласие дедушек и бабушек посидеть с внуками должно рассматриваться как одолжение, а не как обязанность.
4. Я не понимаю молодых родителей, которые требуют, чтобы бабушки и дедушки посидели с внуками.
5. Ребенок, который видит, как его родители воруют, в один прекрасный день сам начнет воровать.
4. Points for discussion.
1) Do you agree with Ann Lander’s opinion? Do you disagree with anything she says?
2) Do you think that children prefer firm parents or parents who let them do
what they want? What can you say about your parents?
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3)Are teenagers really frightened when they feel that they are in charge of
themselves?
4)Do you agree that boys like girls should know how to clean house, cook, sew
buttons, wash their clothes and so on?
5)Do parents have the right to know where their children are, with whom, and
when they will be home? Do parents have the right to forbid their children to
communicate with some of their friends they don’t like?
6)Which is best: to be the oldest child in a family, the youngest child or in between?
PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES
Responsibility for the provision of personal social services rests with the social services authorities. Their services are directed towards elderly people, children and young people, families, people with mental illness or with physical or mental handicap, young offenders and other disadvantaged people and their careers. The major services include residential care, day care, domiciliary services and various forms of social work. Close co-operation is maintained between local authority social services departments and health authorities.
In Scotland local authorities also undertake duties similar to those of the separate probation and prison after – care service in England and Wales.
Much of the care given to elderly and disabled people is provided in the community itself, by their families, self-help groups and through voluntary agencies. The statutory sector offers the skilled care needed in particular services. The importance of the contribution made by the voluntary organizations is recognized especially when economies are being made in public expenditure and the demand on the statutory services is heavy.
The demand for personal social services is expected to rise over the next few years, owing to the increasing number of elderly people and the changing pattern of care for people suffering from mental illness or mental handicap and the chronically sick. The Government’s policy, embodied in a “ Care in the Community “ programme, is the transfer from hospital to care in the community of patients who do not specifically need hospital care. It believes that groups such as the elderly, the disabled, and mentally ill or handicapped people can lead more normal lives in the community, given appropriate support and facilities.
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Following the recommendations of an independent review of the use of public funds to support community care policy published in 1988, the Government has proposed new financial arrangements which seek to ensure that priority is given to supporting people in their own homes wherever possible. It believes that the new arrangements would provide more appropriate services closer to individual needs and wishes, and better value for money from public spending than do existing arrangements.
Vocabulary to the text. Try to memorise it.
2. the provision of personal social services – предоставление адресных социальных услуг
3. mental handicap – умственно отсталые
4. young offenders – малолетние правонарушители
5. disadvantaged people – неблагополучные люди
6. residential care – уход, оказываемый по месту жительства
7. domiciliary services – услуги, оказываемые на дому
8. separate probation – условное освобождение на поруки
9. prison after-care service – воспитательно-исправительная работа с лицами, отбывшими срок наказания
10. self-help group – группы взаимопомощи
11. better value for money – более эффективное использование средств
12. public spending – гос. Расходы
13. existing arrangements – существующая система
Read the following words and define their meanings.
Department, direct, physical, co-operation, group, voluntary, agency, public, chronically, policy, programme, normal, recommendation, review, publish.
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V+ (s)ion – N
To cooperate - ____________________
To probate - ________________________
To recognize - ______________________
To expect - ______________________________
To provide - ____________________________
To propose - _____________________________
V+ er – N
To care - _______________________
To offend - _____________________
V + ing – N
To increase - _____________
To change - ______________
To suffer - _____________________
To exist - ______________________
To publish - ____________________
To support - _____________________
Form adjectives of the following nouns.
N + ed – Adj
Skill- _____________
Need - _____________
Disadvantage - _________________
Form adverbs of the following adjectives.
Adj + ly – Adv
Special - _________
Mental - __________
Particular - ____________
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases. Make up sentences of your own.
2. услуги направленные на оказание помощи пожилым людям
3. их попечители
4. налажено тесное сотрудничество между ……
5. в силу того, что число пожилых людей увеличивается
6. изменяющаяся модель предоставления опеки
7. люди, страдающие психическими заболеваниями
8. умственно отсталые люди
9. хронические больные
10. вести нормальную жизнь
11. необходимая поддержка
12. общественные фонды
13. финансовые меры
Translate the sentences into English.
f) Работа социальных служб направлена на оказание помощи пожилым людям.
g) Тесное сотрудничество налажено между местными социальными органами и учреждениями здравоохранения.
h) Основную помощь пожилые люди получают в общине.
i) Часть заботы о пожилых людях и инвалидах взяли на себя добровольные агентства.
j) Новые финансовые меры правительства позволяют оказывать помощь нуждающимся в ней на дому.
k) Человек, нуждающийся в помощи, может нормально жить в общине при условии, что ему предоставляется необходимая социальная поддержка.
l) Новая программа социальной помощи удовлетворяет нужды больных и позволяет правильнее использовать общественные средства.
Answer the following questions.
1. What authorities does the responsibility for the provision of personal social services rest with in England and Wales? What about Scotland and Northern Ireland ?
2. Whom are these services directed to ?
3. What are the major services like ?
4. How would you characterize co-operation between local authority social services departments and health authorities ?
5. What other duties do local authorities in Scotland undertake ?
6. Is there any care given to elderly and disabled people in the community itself ?
7. Who provides help to the above- mentioned categories of people ?
8. What kind of care does the statutory sector offer ?
9. What is the role of voluntary organizations in providing help to elderly and disabled people ?
10. What can you say about the demand for personal social services in Great Britain ?
11. What is the Government’s “ Care in the Community “ programme like ?
12. What new arrangements has the Government proposed to support community care policy ?
ELDERLY AND DISABLED PEOPLE
ELDERLY PEOPLE. Services for elderly people are provided by statutory and voluntary bodies to help them to live at home whenever possible. ( Only about 5 per cent of the elderly over 65 live in institutional accommodation. ) These services may include advice and help given by social workers, domestic help, the provision of meals in the home, sitters-in, night attendants and laundry services as well as day centers, luncheon clubs and recreational facilities. Appropriate adaptations to the home can overcome problems of restricted mobility, and a wide range of environmental aids is available for people with impaired hearing or vision.
Dispersed alarm systems have been developed to help elderly housebound people obtain assistance in an emergency. In some areas “ good neighbour “ and friendly visiting services are arranged by the local authority or a voluntary organization. Many local authorities provide free or subsidized travel to elderly people within their areas. Social services authorities also provide residential home care for the elderly and infirm and register and inspect home run by voluntary organizations or privately.
As part of their responsibility for public housing, local authorities provide accommodation specially designed for elderly people; some of these developments have resident wardens. Housing associations and private builders also build this type of accommodation.
DISABLED PEOPLE. Britain has an estimated 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around 400,000 or 7 per cent in some kind of communal establishment. Local social services authorities provide a wide range of personal social services for disabled people to help with social rehabilitation and adjustment to disability. They are also required to establish the number of disabled people in their area and to publicize services, which may include counseling on personal and social problems arising from disability; occupational, educational, social and recreational facilities, either at day centers or elsewhere; adaptations to homes ( such as ramps for wheelchairs, and ground-floor toilets ); aids to daily living; the delivery of cooked meals; and domestic or care attendant help. In cases of special need, help may be given with the installation of a telephone or a television set. For severely disabled people residential accommodation or respite care may be available for those able to look after themselves. Some authorities provide free or subsidized travel for disabled people on public transport, and they are encouraged to provide special access facilities to public buildings. Special government regulations cover the provision of access for disabled people in the construction of new buildings.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise.
3. institutional accommodation – дом для престарелых
4. sitters-in –приходящие сиделки
5. night attendants – ночные сиделки
6. restricted mobility – ограниченная подвижность
7. impaired hearing – ослабленный слух
8. impaired vision – пониженное зрение
9. housebound people- люди, прикованные к дому
10. residential home care – опека, уход на дому
11. severely disabled people – недееспособные люди в тяжелой степени
12. respite care – временный больничный стационар
13. to obtain assistance in an emergency – получить помощь в экстренной ситуации
14. free or subsidized travel – бесплатный или льготный проезд
15. ramps for wheelchairs – трапы для инвалидных колясок
Read the following words and define their meanings.
Centre, club, adaptation, problem, mobility, assistance, visit, residential, register, inspect, rehabilitation, number, recreational, toilet, special, telephone, television set, transport, provision, construction, data, benefit.
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V(-t,-te ) + tion – N
To construct - ______________
To estimate - ______________
To accommodate - _____________
To rehabilitate - ________________
To recreate - _________________
To associate - _______________________
To regulate - _______________________
To institute - ________________________
V + ation – N
To adapt - ___________
To install - ____________
V + ment - N
To establish - _____________
To adjust - ________________
Form adverbs of the following adjectives.
Adj + ly – Adv
Private - ______________
Severe - ______________
Personal - ______________
Make up all possible combinations using the words from both columns.
1. provide a. domestic support
2. include b. services
3. adapted to c. mobility
4. restricted d. accommodation
5. impaired e. system
6. dispersed f. travel
7. developed g. hearing
8. arranged h. constructions
9. subsidized i. homes
10. designed j. help,care
11. estimated k. meals
12. required l. results
13. cooked m. benefits
14. encourage n. illness
15. caused by o. special access facilities to public buildings
p. vision
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
a) статусные и общественные ( добровольные ) организации
b) пожилые, престарелые
c) помощь на дому
d) центры дневного стационара
e) необходимая адаптация
f) люди с пониженным слухом или зрением
g) экстренная ситуация
h) службы « добрых соседей « и друзей
i) обеспечивать домашний уход
j) предоставлять бесплатный проезд пожилым людям
k) вызванные недееспособностью
l) консультации по личным и социальным проблемам
m) специальные устройства для входа
Translate the sentences.
5. Люди с ослабленным слухом или зрением нуждаются в специальных приспособлениях.
6. Как государственные, так и общественные организации предоставляют услуги пожилым людям на дому.
7. Только 5% пожилых людей, которым более 65 лет, живут в домах для престарелых.
8. Инвалиды с ограниченной мобильностью могут преодолеть многие проблемы, используя специальные приспособления для входа в общественные здания.
9. Социальные службы оказывают помощь на дому немощным и прикованным к постели.
Answer the following questions.
b) What organizations provide social services for elderly people ?
c) What is the main purpose of providing services for elderly people by statutory and voluntary bodies ?
d) What may the services of statutory and voluntary bodies include?
e) Do these services include only advice and domestic help ?
f) Where else can advice and help be given to elderly people ?
g) What problems can be overcome through appropriate adaptations to the home ?
h) What categories of elderly people need environmental aids ?
i) What organizations provide residential home care for elderly people?
j) Are there many adults with one or more disabilities in Britain ?
k) What social services authorities help disabled people with social rehabilitation adjustment to disability ?
l) What are local social services authorities required to do ?
m) What problems may arise from disability?
n) What help may be given in cases of special need ?
o) What care may be provided for severely disabled people ?
PEOPLE WITH MENTAL HANDICAPS AND MENTALLY ILL
PEOPLE.
PEOPLE WITH MENTAL HANDICAPS. The Government’s policy is to encourage the development at local level of a wide range of health, social and other services for mentally handicapped people and their families through mutual co-operation and collaboration between health and local authorities and voluntary and other organizations.
Social services authorities make arrangements for a wide range of support services for people with mental handicaps and their families. These include short-term care, support for families in their own homes, provision for accommodation in ordinary housing and a variety of types of day care. The principle aims of the services are to help ensure that as far as possible people of all ages with mental handicaps can lead full lives in their own communities and that no person should be admitted to hospital unless it is absolutely necessary on health ground.
Although social services authorities are likely to play an increasingly important role, specialized residential health provision, which may consist of small units in the community, is appropriate for people with special needs, as is specialist health service support for those in other settings.
A continuing priority is to transfer mentally handicapped children in institutional care to more ordinary living arrangements.
MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE. Arrangements made by social services authorities for providing preventive and after care for mentally ill people in the community include day centers as well as social centers and a variety of residential care. Social workers help patients and their families to deal with social and family problems arising from mental illness and in certain circumstances can make an application for a mentally disordered person’s compulsory admission to and detention in hospital. The rights of compulsorily detained patients were extended by legislation in 1983, and a Mental Health Act Commission was set up to provide better safeguards. Corresponding legislation was introduced for Scotland in 1984, although the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland was first established in 1962. Similar legislation came into force in Northern Ireland in 1986.
An important role in provision of services for both of these groups of people is played by the many voluntary organizations concerned with mental illness and mental handicap.
In July 1989 the Government announced a number of measures to improve the provision of services for mentally ill people. These include requiring district health authorities to have individually tailored health care programmes for all patients discharged from hospital; a new specific grand to local authorities to help them meet the social care needs of such patients; a code of practice for compulsorily admitting and treating patients in hospital; and a review of public funding of voluntary organizations concerned with mental health.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise it.
5.short-term care – кратковременный уход
6.provision for accommodation – предоставление жилья
7.to lead full lives – вести полноценную жизнь
8.on health grounds – по состоянию здоровья
9.institutional care – больничный уход
10.preventive and after care – профилактика и лечение
11.detention in hospital – содержание в больнице
12.health care programmes – оздоровительные программы
13.to discharge from hospital – выписывать из больницы
14.to make arrangements – принимать меры
15.to make an application – сделать заявку
16.compulsory admission to – принудительная госпитализация
Read the following words and define their meanings.
Ordinary, type, person, absolutely, role, specialized, community, specialist, priority, transfer, institutional, preventive, patient, corresponding, specific, grant, code.
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V+ment – N
To encourage –
To develop -
To arrange –
To announce –
To improve –
V + ion – N
To collaborate –
To organize –
To legislate –
To detain –
To prevent –
V + sion – N
To extend –
To admit –
Form adverbs of the following adjectives.
Adj + ly – Adv
Absolute –
Mutual –
Appropriate –
Translate the following word combinations.
1. to include - co-operation
Collaboration
Support
Needs
Services
Health provision
Accommodation
2. to provide - care
Preventive and after care day centers
A variety of residential care
A wide range of health, social and other services
Better safeguards
Legislation
3. to secure - specialized residential health provision
Specialist health service support
A variety of residential care
Discharged from hospital
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
IV. содействовать развитию на местах широкого спектра медицинских, социальных и других услуг умственно отсталым людям
V. через местные органы самоуправления и добровольные организации
VI. принимать меры по предоставлению широкого набора услуг
VII. поддержка умственно отсталых людей и их семей
VIII. основные цели оказания услуг
IX. если только это является необходимым по состоянию здоровья
X. уход по месту жительства
XI. справляться с социальными и семейными проблемами
XII. проблемы, возникающие вследствие психического заболевания
XIII. при определенных обстоятельствах
XIV. индивидуальные программы лечения
XV. лечение пациентов в больнице
Translate the sentences into English.
11. Больницы оказались в числе самых дорогостоящих форм длительного лечения.
12. Социальная помощь умственно отсталым людям оказывается при взаимодействии местных органов власти и здравоохранения и добровольных организаций.
13. Социальные службы оказывают поддержку умственно отсталым людям и их семьям.
14. Социальные службы видят свою главную задачу в том , чтобы создать условия для полноценной жизни умственно отсталых людей.
15. Социальные работники помогают психически больным людям и их семьям справиться с проблемами, вызванными психическими заболеваниями.
16. Важную роль играют в предоставлении социальных услуг умственно отсталым и психически больным людям добровольные организации.
Answer the following questions.
6. What arrangements do social services authorities make for people with mental handicaps and their families?
7. What categories of people are the support services provided for ?
8. Are the support services provided only for mentally handicapped people or for their families as well ?
9. What does a wide range of support services for people with mental handicaps and their families include ?
10. Are there any day care centers for people with mental handicaps?
11. What care is provided by social services authorities for mentally ill people in the community ?
12. Who helps patients and their families to deal with social and family problems arising from mental illness ?
13. Can social workers make an application for a mentally disordered person’s compulsory admission to and detention in hospital ?
14. Are there any voluntary organizations concerned with mental illness and mental handicap ?
15. What health care programmes are required for patients discharged from hospital ?
SOCIAL WORKERS
The effective operation of the social services largely depends on the appointment of professionally qualified social workers trained in the methods of social work. Training courses social work are provided by universities, polytechnics ( in Scotland, central institutions ) and colleges of further education; their length depends upon educational qualification and previous experience and can extend from one to four years. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work is the statutory body responsible for social work training and offers advice to people considering entering the profession. The Council has proposed a range of improvements to the present system of qualifying training.
Professional social workers are mainly employed by the social services departments of local authorities. Others work in the probation services, the education welfare service, or in voluntary organizations.
Review of the role of residential care and the changes required to enable services to respond more effectively to changing social needs are regularly published.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise it.
i) a range of improvements – ряд улучшений
j) qualifying training – профессиональное обучение
Answer the questions.
10. What does the effective operation of the social services depend on ?
11. What institutions provide training courses in social work ?
12. What does the length of training courses depend on ?
13. Where can professional social workers be employed ?
14. Where do non –professionals work ?
15. Where can you find information about the changes in the social services ?
HELP TO FAMILIES
The Government believes in the central importance of the family to the well-being of society and considers that stable adult relationships are necessary to support and enhance family life. Social services authorities, through their own social workers and other workers, give help of various kinds to families facing special problems. This help includes services for children at risk of injury or neglect who require care away from their own families, and support for family careers who look after elderly and other family members in order to give them a respite. They also help lone parents, including unmarried mothers. There are now many refuges run by local authorities or voluntary organizations for women, often with young children, whose home conditions have become intolerable. The refuges provide short-term accommodation and support while attempts are made to alleviate the women’s problems. Many authorities also contribute to the cost of social work with families ( such as marriage guidance ) carried out by voluntary organizations.
In 1983 the Family Policy Studies Centre was established with official funding to review the impact of public policies on the family and to bring together research findings. The Self-help and Families Project provides funding for nine voluntary agencies to develop the capacities of groups of families to help themselves.
A three-year initiative was launched by the Government in September 1989 to increase voluntary sector provision in England for disadvantaged families with children under 5. With funds of & 2 million, it will enable voluntary organizations to research and develop day care services, particularly for single parents and families living in temporary accommodation.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise it.
b) children at risk of injury – дети, подверженные грубому обращению
c) neglect children – дети, лишенные заботы, внимания
d) to give somebody a respite – доставить кому-либо временное облегчение
e) lone parents – родителт – одиночки
f) unmarried mothers – незамужние матери
g) disadvantaged families – неблагополучные семьи
h) to enhance family life – укреплять семейную жизнь
i) to face problems – испытывать трудности
j) to make attempts – делать попытки
Find the related verbs in the text.
Belief requirement alleviation
Consideration career contribution
Inclusion provision establishment
Find the related nouns in the text.
To govern to support to cost
To help to risk to research
To accommodate to neglect to impact
To guide to attempt to organize
Find the related adjectives in the text.
Centre variety
Stability locality
Tolerance volunteer
Make up all possible word combinations.
1. to provide a. family life
2. to develop b. lone parents
3. to launch c. stable adult relationships
4. to increase d. capacities
5. to include e. initiative
6. to consider f. day care service
7. to enhance g. voluntary sector provision
8. to give h. the impact of public services on the family
9. to help i. help to various kinds
10. to review j. services for children
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
1. семья имеет важнейшее значение
2. поддерживать и укреплять семейную жизнь
3. предоставлять различные виды помощи семьям
4. испытывать серьезные трудности
5. присматривать за пожилыми членами семьи
6. снять часть забот
7. родители – одиночки
8. помогать в решении проблем
9. дети в возрасте до 5 лет
10. семьи, имеющие временное жилье
Answer the following questions.
h) Why does the Government believe in the importance of the family ?
i) What may help to support and enhance family life according to the Government’s thinking ?
j) In what way do social services authorities give help families ?
k) Do social services authorities give help to all families?
l) What families do social services authorities give help to ?
m) What does this help include ?
n) What organizations co9ntribute to the cost of social work with families ?
o) What can you say about the role of voluntary organizations ?
p) What research Centre was established in 1983 ?
CHILD CARE PART I.
Day care facilities for children under five are provided by local authorities, by voluntary agencies and privately. In allocating places in the day nurseries and other facilities they themselves provide, local authorities give priority to children with special social or health needs for day care. They also register, and provide support and advice services for child-minders, private day nurseries and playgrounds operating in their areas.
The authorities are empowered to offer advice, guidance and assistance to families in difficulties to promote the welfare of children. The aim is to intervene at an early stage to reduce the need to receive children into care or bring them before a court.
The recognition, prevention and management of cases of child abuse are the joint concern of many authorities, agencies, and professions, and local review committees provide a forum for discussion and co-ordination and draw up policies and procedures for handling these cases. Under the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 and the Police and Criminal Evidence Order 1989, children under the age of 14 in child abuse cases are able to give evidence to courts though live television links, thus sparing them ordeal of giving evidence in open court.
Authorities must receive into their care any child under the age of 17 who has no parent or guardian, who has been abandoned, or whose parents are unable to provide for him or her, if they are satisfied that such intervention is in the best interests of the child. The child remains in care until the age of 18 unless discharged to the care of parents, other relatives or friends. The local authority may find it necessary to assume the rights and duties of one or both parents. The parents must be notified and if they object the matter is decided in a court of law. When taking a decision concerning a child in care, the authorities have to give first consideration to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child. Where children are in care, every effort is made to work with their families in order, where appropriate, to enable the children to return home.
Children in England and Wales may be brought before a juvenile court if they are neglected or ill-treated, exposed to moral danger, are beyond the control of parents, not attending school or ( if 10 years or over ) have committed an offence other than homicide. At the same time it must be shown that the children need care or control which they are unlikely to receive unless a care order or other relevant order is made by the court. Local authorities are responsible for undertaking inquiries through social workers and consultation with parents, schools and the police. Children may be committed to the care of a local authority under a care order if the court considers this appropriate. As an alternative the court may order supervision by a social worker or a probation officer for up to three years.
A person who has cared for a child for some time may apply to a court for a custodianship order giving him or her legal custody of the child. On the making of such an order the custodian will have most of the parental rights and duties of a natural parent and will be able to make decisions about a child’s day-to-day care and upbringing, in the same way as a parent. Unlike an adoption order, a custodianship order may be revoked. The custodianship provisions do not extend to Northern Ireland.
Vocabulary to the text. Try to memorise it.
f) child-minder-няня,присматривающая за детьми
g) child abuse-жестокое обращение с детьми
h) to receive into care-брать детей на попичение
i) to abandon-оставлять,покидать,бросать
j) moral danger-угроза нравственности
k) to commit an offence-совершить преступление
l) homicide-убийство
m) a care order-предписание об опеке
n) to undertake inquiries-провести расследование
o) to order supervision-предписывать надзор
p) step-parents-приемные родители
q) custodianship-опекунство,статус опекуна
r) parental rights and duties-родительские права и обязанности
s) upbringing-воспитание
Read and define the meaning.
Private, prevention, management, committee, forum, discussion, co-ordination, procedure, criminal, intervention, moral, control, consultation, alternative.
Form nouns of the following verbs.Translate them.
V+(act\ at\ t\ s)ion – N
To intervene- to notify-
To reduce- to consider-
To discuss- to promote-
To co-ordinate to consult-
To satisfy- to supervise-
Make up all possible word combinations.
1.to consider a. day care facilities
2.to reduce b. day nurseries
3.to coordinate c. the rights and duties
4.to supervise d. support
5.to give priority to e. advice services
6.to promote f. guidance
7.to register g. assistance to families in ….
8.to provide h. difficulties
9.to handle i. the welfare of children
10.to assume j. the need to receive children into care
k. the recognition,prevention and management
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
1. отдавать приоритет детям
2. обеспечивать поддержку
3. способствовать благополучию детей
4. рассматривать в суде
5. разрабатывать методы и процедуры
6. отказываться от ребенка
7. передать на попечение родителей
8. уведомлять родителей
9. решаться в суде
10. в качестве альтернативы
Translate the sentences into English.
2. Местные органы власти уполномочены предлагать и оказывать помощь семьям,испытывающим трудности.
3. Начиная с четыпнадцатилетнего возраста, дети, в случае грубого обращения с ними в семье, могут давать показания в суде.
4. Дети могут оставаться на попечении местных органов власти до достижения ими 18 лет.
5. Родители могут вновь взять на себя ответственность за воспитание своих детей.
6. Предписание о передаче ребенка под опеку выдается судом.
7. Альтернативой суду может быть надзор за ребенком социальным работником.
Answer the following questions.
b) What organizations provide day care facilities for children under 5?
c) What can you say about functions of local authorities?
d) What categories of children and at what age must the authorities receive into their care?
e) Till what age does the child remain in care?
f) When does the local authority assume the rights and duties of one or both parents? Must the parents be notified ?
g) In what cases is the matter of care decided in a court of law?
h) Why do the authorities work with the families whose children are in care?
i) Who is undertaking inquiries concerning children in need of care or control?
j) What is the difference between an adoption order and a custodianship order?
CHILD CARE. PART II.
Government proposals to reform the law on child care and family services in England and Wales have been implemented by Parliament. At present the legislation helps local authorities provide better help to children in need, including those with disabilities, strengthens the powers available to the courts for protecting children from abuse or neglect, and provides a better balance between parents and children’s rights.
Increasing use is being made of intermediate treatment, especially for young offenders. This is a community-based service which provides supervised activities, groupwork and individual counseling, a short, residential period may sometimes be included. A requirement to attend a programme of intermediate treatment may be added to a supervision order by the court.
In Northern Ireland the court may send children in need or in trouble to a training school, commit them to the care of a fit person, or make a supervision order. Children in trouble may be required to attend an attendance centre or may be committed to custody in a remand home. There is no provision for intermediate treatment to be included as a requirement of a supervision order in criminal cases. New child care legislation has been prepared in Northern Ireland: it reflects the changes proposed in England and Wales and makes a distinction between the treatment of children in need of care and young offenders.
In Scotland children in trouble or in need may be brought before a children’s hearing, which can impose a supervision requirement on a child if it thinks that compulsory measures of care are appropriate. Under these requirements most children are allowed to remain at home under the supervision of a social worker but some way live with foster parents or in a residential establishment while under supervision. Supervision requirements are reviewed at intervals of not more than one year until terminated by a children’s hearing or by the Secretary of State.
When appropriate, children in care are boarded out with foster parents, who receive an allowance to cover the cost of maintenance. If a foster home is not considered appropriate or cannot be found, the child may be placed in a children’s home, voluntary home or other suitable residential accommodation. Community homes for children in care in England and Wales comprise local authority and some voluntary children’s homes, and include community homes with education on the premises which provide long-term care, usually for more difficult children. In Scotland local authorities are responsible for placing children in their care in foster homes, in local authority or voluntary homes, or in residential schools. In Northern Ireland there are residential homes for children in the care of the health and social services boards; training schools and remand homes are administered separately. Regulations concerning registered voluntary homes and the boarding out of children in care are made by central government.
Vocabulary to the text. Try to memorise it.
5. young offenders-малолетние правонарушители
6. supervised activities-мероприятия,осуществляемые под надзором
7. a fit person-лицо,заслуживающее доверия
8. an attendance centre-центр специального содержания
9. custody-попечение,заключение
10. a remand home-исправительный дом
11. child carelegislation-законодательство по опеке детей
12. foster parents-приемные родители
13. a local authority Home-интернат
14. a voluntary home- детский дом
15. a community Home- школа-интернат
Read the following words and define their meanings.
Legislation, protect, balance, interval, secretary.
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V+(a)tion – N
To consider - to educate-
To accommodate - to regulate –
V+ing –N
To hear –
To board –
V+ance –N
To attend-
To allow-
To maintain-
Match the words of the same root. Classify them according to the part of speech.
Translate them into Russian.
Govern maintenance treatment
Supervise residential regulation
Hearing terminated reflect
Attendance distinct allowance
Resident strong registration
Board train suit
Consideration accommodate criminal
Provision educate requirement
Supervision allow strength
Boarding treat treat
Hear term establish
Provide government suitable
Regulate reflection consider
Training crime accommodation
Education require distinction
Attend register maintain
Establishment
Translate the following word combinations.
1. to provide - supervised group work
Individual counseling
Long-term care
2. to commit- to the care of
To custody
3. to include- a short residential period
Compulsory measures of care
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
b) добиваться большего равноправия между родителями и детьми
c) малолетние правонарушители
d) школы профессионального обучения
e) уголовные дела
f) обязательные меры по опеке оправданы
g) под надзором
h) детские дома
i) долговременная опека
j) местные власти обязаны брать детей под свою опеку
k) школы-интернаты по месту жительства
Translate the sentences.
3. Правительство помогает местным органам власти в осуществлении опеки над детьми, которые живут в нужде, а также над детьми-инвалидами.
4. В Шотландии суд может применить в отношении детей положение о надзоре , если он посчитает оправданными принудительные меры опеки.
5. Только некоторые дети, нуждающиеся в опеке, живут у приемных родителей, но даже в этом случае за ними осуществляется надзор.
6. В Шотландии положения об осуществлении надзора за нуждающимися или трудными детьми могут быть отменены министром.
7. В Англии и Уэльсе действуют детские школы-интернаты, в которых обычно содержатся наиболее трудные дети.
8. Если это приемлемо, то дети, нуждающиеся в опеке, передаются приемным родителям, которые получают пособие на их содержание.
Answer the following questions.
h) What can you say about the legislation on child care in Great Britain ?
i) What kind of service is the intermediate treatment ?
j) Where may children in need or in trouble be sent to by the court in Northern Ireland ?
k) What does the new child care legislation in Northern Ireland reflect ?
l) What are most children allowed to do under a supervision requirement?
m) How often are supervision requirements reviewed ?
n) What do community homes for children in care in England and Wales comprise ?
o) Where are the difficult children placed in Northern Ireland?
p) What regulations does the central government make ?
SOCIAL SECURITY
The general aim of the social security programme is to provide an efficient and responsive system of financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed or bringing up children. Certain benefits provide an income for people who have little or no earnings because they are retired, unemployed or sick. Others provide income for widows; assistance with extra expenses arising from disablement; compensation for injury or disease caused at work or while in the armed forces; and help with the cost of bringing up children. Alongside these benefits are certain income-related benefits for people who have insufficient means of support.
Social security benefits fall into two broad categories – contributory and non-contributory. Contributory benefits are paid from the National Insurance Fund, which consists of contributions from employed people and their employers, self-employed people and the Government. Non-contributory benefits are financed from general taxation revenue. Some non-contributory benefits are income-related, but others are not, and entitlement depends solely on meeting the qualifying conditions. Appeals relating to claims for the various benefits are decided by independent tribunals.
Expenditure on social security has nearly doubled in real terms since 1980. Trends over the last 5 years have included a steady growth in the number of retirement pensioners and the numbers receiving income-related benefits, and a steep rise in the numbers getting disability benefits; a decline in the numbers of families receiving child benefit, the number of widows, and the numbers receiving unemployment benefit.
The Department of Social Security administers most of the services in Great Britain; in Northern Ireland they are administered by the Department of Health and Social Services. Pensions and welfare services for war pensioners and their dependants are the responsibility of the Department of Social Security throughout Britain. The costs, including the costs of administration, fall on central government.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise it.
· benefit-материальное пособие
· to provide an income-обеспечивать доход
· earnings-заработки
· to be retired-выйти на пенсию
· the unemployed-безработные
· income-related benefits-пособия.связанные с доходом
· social security benefits-пособия по социальному обеспечению
· contributory benefits-пособия,источником которых являются взносы и отчисления
· non-contributory benefits-пособия ,источником которых являются налоги
· general taxation revenue-общий государственный доход от сбора налогов
· income support-обеспечение доходов
· allowance- денежное пособие
· retirement pensioners – пенсионеры по возрасту
· dependant- иждивенец
Read the words and define their meanings.
Efficient, extra, compensation, category, qualifying condition, tribunal, doubled, proportion, administration, collect, contribution, authority, initiative, operation, objective.
Match the synonyms.
5) decline a. are divided into
6) rise b. fall
7) extra expenses c. increase
8) fall into d. additional expenses
Make up all possible word combinations using the words from both columns.
1. mainly a. financed
2. solely b. decided
3. efficiently c. caused
4. variously d. undertake
5. financially e. administered
6. broadly f. entitled
7. generally g. related
8. steadily h. paid
9. nationally i. run
10. socially j. set
11. responsibly k. helped
l. assisted
Translate and make up sentences.
1. assistance with … 9. growth in …
2. income for … 10. a rise in …
3. help for … 11. a decline in …
4. benefits for (to)… 12. a fall in …
5. compensation for … 13. the number of …
6. help with … 14. pensions and services for …
7. expenditure on … 15. the responsibility of …
8. trends over … 16. fall on …
Find the related nouns in the text.
To depend - ---------------- to earn - -------------------
To expend - ---------------- to retire - -------------------
To assist - -------------------- to employ - ----------------
To compensate - -------------- to tax - ---------------------
To contribute - -------------------- to serve - ------------------
To insure - ------------------------- to grow - ------------------
Make up all possible word combinations.
1. little a. allowance
2. small b. income
3. large c. earnings
4. income-related d. revenue
e. benefits
Find in the text the English equivalents.
17.главная цель программы социального обеспечения
18.эффективная и гибкая система
19.финансовая помощь престарелыи,больным
20.компенсация в связи с травмой
21.расходы на воспитание детей
22.пособие на детей
23.право на пособие зависит от …
24.тенденции стабильного роста
25.пособие по безработице
26.департамент социального обеспечения
Translate the sentences into English.
1. Люди, вышедшие на пенсию, получают материальное пособие.
2. Безработные или больные также получают финансовую помощь.
3. Люди, получившие производственную травму на работе, имеют право на денежную компенсацию.
4. Люди, не имеющие достаточно средств для существования, получают пособие для поддержания их доходов.
5. Социальные пособия разделяются на две категории, одна из которых основана на взносах и отчислениях, другая – на налогах.
Answer the following questions.
5. What is the general aim of the social security programme in Great Britain ?
6. Why do some people have little or no earnings ?
7. Are the widows provided with any benefits ?
8. Do parents get any help with the cost of bringing up children ?
9. Whom are the income-related benefits intended for ?
10. In what way are non-contributory benefits financed ?
11. Which of non-contributory benefits are not income-related ?
12. What can you say about the expenditure on social security?
RETIREMENT PENSION
A state retirement pension is payable on retirement to women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65. The Sex Discrimination Act 1986 protects employees of different sexes in a particular occupation from being required to retire compulsorily at different ages. The state pension scheme consists of a basic pension together with an additional earnings-related pension. From October 1989 pensioners were able to have unlimited earnings without affecting their pensions.
Those who have put off or cancelled their retirement during the five years after minimum pension age may earn extra pension. A non-contributory retirement pension is payable to people over the age of 80 who meet certain residence conditions, and who have not qualified for a contributory pension. People whose pensions do not give them sufficient resources to live on may be entitled to income support.
Rights to basic pension are safeguarded for mothers who are away from work looking after children or for people giving up work to care for severely disabled relatives. Women contributors receive the same pension as men with the same earnings provided they have paid full-rate National Insurance contributions when working. From the year 2000 the earnings-related scheme was based on a lifetime’s earnings instead of on the best 20 years and is to be calculated as 20 per cent rather than 25 per cent retiring last century were unaffected.
Employers are free to “ contract-out “ their employees from the state scheme for the additional earnings-related pension and to provide their own occupation pension in its place, provided that the latter is at least as good as the state additional pension. The State remains responsible for the basic pension. There are at present around 90,000 occupational schemes, with some 11 million members-about half the working population. As part of a programme to reform the occupational pensions system, the Government has introduced measures to protect against inflation the pension rights of people who change jobs before pension age; to give workers leaving a scheme the right to a fair transfer value; and to require pension funds and other pension schemes to provide access to more information about their schemes. The Social Security Act 1986 gives all employees the right to choose a personal pension rather than staying fully in the State Earning-related Pension Scheme or in an employer’s scheme. Such pensions will qualify for contracting out of the State Earnings-related Pension Scheme and will enable people to choose from a wide range of schemes available from banks, building societies, and trusts.
Vocabulary to the text. Try to memorise it.
4. unlimited earnings – неограниченные заработки
5. extra pension – дополнительная пенсия
6. a non-contributory retirement pension – пенсия, не основанная на взносах и отчислениях
7. full-rate National Insurance contributions – взносы по полному тарифу в государственное социальное страхование
8. a lifetime’s earnings – заработки в течение жизни
9. to put off the retirement – отложить выход на пенсию
10. the right to a fair transfer value – право на сохранение размера пенсии
11. to provide access to – обеспечить доступ к …..
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V+(a)(t)ion – N
To discriminate - -------------------
To reduce - -------------------------
To cancel - --------------------------
To calculate - ----------------------
Form adverbs of the following adjectives.
Adj + (l)y – Adv
Particular - ------------- previous - ---------------
Compulsory - ----------- sufficient - --------------
Free - -------------------- full - ----------------------
Match the synonyms and translate them.
b) pay 11. offer 21. compulsory
c) earn 12. lower 22. earlier
d) receive 13. salary 23. allowance
e) fair 14. gain 24. compensation
f) accept 15. previously 25. obligatory
g) reduce 16. lessen
h) give 17. prior
i) income 18. just
j) wages 19. payment
k) honest 20. compensate
Match the antonyms and translate them.
n) contributory 9. lessen
o) give up 10. unfair
p) affected 11. neglect
q) fair 12. decrease
r) reduce 13. non-contributory
s) look after 14. unaffected
t) at work 15. increase
u) start 16. away from work
Make up and translate the following word combinations.
Compulsorily - protected
Additionally - calculated
Previously - required
Sufficiently - paid
Introduced
Reduced
Employed
Measured
Informed
Affected
Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
To provide - people
Access to information
Measures
A retirement pension
An occupational pension
Minimum pension
Income support
A personal pension
Match the words with the correct definitions.
1. to inflate a. money earned
2. to contribute b. sum of money paid regularly by the state to people, or
by an employer to a retired employee
3. to earn c. to take action to increase the amount of money in
circulation so that prices rise
4. earnings d. linked to and changing with one’s earnings
5. pension e. to give one’s share of ( money, help, advice) to help a
joint cause / give pay to common fund
6. earnings-related f. get money by working; to gain by labour,
service, or performance
Find in the text the English equivalents.
4.государственная пенсия по возрасту
5.выходить на пенсию принудительно в разных возрастах
6.влиять на выплату государственных пенсий по возрасту
7.дополнительная пенсия в зависимости от заработка
8.влиять на пенсию
9.заработать дополнительную пенсию
10.пенсия по возрасту, не основанная на отчислениях
11.давать достаточные средства для жизни
12.выбрать персональную пенсию
Translate the sentences into English.
6. В Великобритании государственная пенсия выплачивается женщинам в возрасте 60, а мужчинам в возрасте 65 лет.
7. Государственная пенсионная программа состоит из базовой пенсии и дополнительной пенсии, зависящей от заработка.
8. В настоящее время пенсионеры могут иметь неограниченные заработки.
9. Люди старше 80 лет, находящиеся в определенных жилищных условиях, имеют право на пенсию, не зависящую от взносов и отчислений.
10. Пенсионная программа, привязанная к заработку, была изменена в 2000 году.
Answer the questions.
- What does the Sex Discrimination Act 1986 provide for employees ?
- What does the state pension scheme consist of ?
- When were pensioners allowed to have unlimited earnings without affecting their pensions?
- How did large earnings affect the state pension in the past?
- What category of the pensioners is eligible for earning extra pension ?
- Whom is a non-contributory retirement pension paid to ?
- What category of people may be entitled to income support ?
- How many occupational pension schemes are there in Great Britain at present ?
- What rights did the Social Security Act 1986 give all employees ?
Colloquial phrases and clichés to be used in the dialogue.
1. По моему мнению ….. To my mind
2. Я хотел бы узнать …… I would like to know
3. Насколько мне известно …. As far as I know
4. По-вашему …… According to you
5. Я полагаю ……. I believe
6. Не стоит благодарности…… That's really nothing
7. Дело в том, что ….. The thing is (that)
8. Несомненно. Undoubtedly.
9. Понятно. I see.
10. Да, вы совершенно правы. You’re absolutely right.
11. Я лично полагаю…… Personally, I think ….
12. Мне бы хотелось знать …. I wonder if ….
13. По – моему ….. To my mind …..
14. Хотелось бы добавить несколько слов . I would like to add a few words.
15. Охотно. Willingly.
16. Следует отметить ….. It's worth noting ……
17. Я тоже. Me too.
18. Я вам очень признателен. I’m much obliged.
19. Всегда к вашим услугам. I am always at your service.
20. Интересно было бы …….. It would be of interest…..
21. По вашему мнению ….. In your opinion…..
22. Нельзя не упомянуть о ….. I cannot be mention …
23. Я вам очень благодарен. I am very grateful to you.
24. Прежде всего …. First of all……
25. Не могли бы вы …… Would you mind …..
26. Давно …. For a long time……
27. Это зависит от …. It depends on …..
28. Насколько я понимаю ….. As far as I can see …..
29. Насколько я могу судить …. As far as I can gather ……
30. Я с вами абсолютно согласен. I absolutely agree with you.
31. Стоит упомянуть ….. It is worth mentioning …..
32. Что касается …… As for ……
33. Если я не ошибаюсь ….. If I'm not mistaken ……
34. Вы очень любезны That’s very kind of you
35. Дело в том ,что …… The fact is that …..
36. В общем ….. To sum it up ……
37. И наконец ….. And finally …..
38. Мне представляется интересным I suppose it is interesting
39. Безусловно ….. It goes without saying …..
40. Если вы не против …. If you don't mind …..
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT
Unemployment benefit is payable for up to a year in any one spell of unemployment. Periods covered by unemployment or sickness benefit, maternity allowance or some training allowances, which are eight weeks or less apart, are linked to form one period of interruption of employment. Everyone claiming unemployment benefit has to be available for employment, but unemployed people wishing to do voluntary work in the community may do so in certain circumstances without loss of entitlement to benefit. The Social Security Act 1986 aims to ensure that people seeking unemployment benefit take active steps to find work and have good cause for rejecting any employment offered them.
INCOME SUPPORT
Income support is payable to people who are not in work, or who work for less than 24 hours a week, and whose financial resources are below certain levels. Income support is the difference between a person’s existing resources and specified weekly levels consisting of a personal allowance with additional premiums for families, lone parents, pensioners, and long-term sick and disabled people.
HOUSING BENEFIT
The housing benefit scheme offers help with the cost of rents and local taxes-rates and the community charge-to people with low incomes, using general assessment rules and benefit levels similar to the income support scheme. People whose net income is no higher than certain specified levels receive housing benefit equivalent to 100 per cent of their rent and 80 per cent of their rates.
Both income support and housing benefit schemes introduce a limit to the amount of capital a person may have and still be entitled, and income is taken into account net of income tax and National Insurance contributions.
FAMILY CREDIT
Family credit is payable to working families on modest incomes with children. Family credit, which is additional to child benefit, is related to net income, and to the number and ages of children in the family. A maximum rate, consisting of an adult rate plus a rate for each child, is payable when the net income does not exceed & 54.80 a week. The rate is then reduced by 70 pence for each pound by which net income exceeds this amount.
TAX RELIEFS
Tax Reliefs. Social security benefits, other than child, maternity, sickness, invalidity and disablement benefit, are regarded as taxable income. Various income tax reliefs and exemptions are allowed on account of age or liability for the support of dependants. The following benefits are not taxable: income support ( except when paid to the unemployed and to people involved in trade disputes ), family credit, attendance allowance, mobility allowance, severe disablement allowance, and war pensions.
OTHER BENEFITS
Other benefits for which unemployed people and those on low incomes may be eligible include exemption from health service charges, grants towards the cost of spectacles, free school meals and free legal aid. Reduced charges are often made to the unemployed, for example, for adult education and exhibitions, and pensioners usually enjoy concessionary transport fares.
Vocabulary. Try to memorise it.
b) unemployment benefit – пособие по безработице
c) training allowance – пособие на обучение
d) income support – пособие для обеспечения дохода
e) the housing benefit scheme – программа пособий на жилье
f) net income – чистый доход
g) income tax – налог на доход
h) family credit – пособие для многодетной семьи
i) taxable income – налогооблагаемый доход
j) tax relief – скидка с налогов
k) tax exemptions – освобождение от налога
l) concessionary fare – льготная оплата проезда
Find the words of the same root and translate them.
Tax creditor causeless financial
Rent to interrupt exemption taxable
Finance rejection difference similarly
Liability rental limitless existing
Cause different tax-free limit
To reject to exist similar to depend
Credit similarity liable rentable
To exempt non-taxable dependable interruption
Match the synonyms and the synonymous expressions.
1. difference 9. to be composed of 17. trade
2. to consist of 10. amount 18. to regard
3. to receive 11. variety 19. to take into account
4. equivalent 12. to comprise 20. value
5. to allow 13. to obtain 21. to consider
6. to get 14. equal 22. to relate
7. to permit 15. to let 23. occupation
8. variation 16. sum 24. to concern
Match the definitions with the words.
1. liability a. concerning money and finance
2. rent b. 1. to free / release (smb) from an obligation,tax,duty or
payment, not liable
2. not subject to an obligation, tax.
3. finantial c. an amount paid in addition to a standard rate,price or
wage, bonus.
4. to exempt d. money, food, or clothing given to people in special need
5. relief e. the means of maintenance of a family or a person
6. premium f. 1. the state of being liable
2. a financial obligation
7. support g. regular payment made for the use of land, premises,
machinery.
SMOKING AND CANCER
“Here! Have one of mine!”
“Death cigarettes? You must be joking!”
Pre-reading task.
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