Практическая работа №38 «Среднее образование в США»
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AMERICAN SCHOOLS
The American system of education differs from the systems of other countries. There are free, state-supported, public schools, which the majority of American children attend. There are also private elementary and secondary schools where a fee is charged. Now public and private school distinctions are largely based on religious influences. Most public schools are co-educational (mixed), that is boys and girls study together, but a lot of the church-supported schools are for boys or girls only.
Compulsory education in the USA varies, according to the state, between 5 and 7 years of age, 6 being the most common; the age of exit varies between 16 and 18 years of age, the most common being 16. Secondary education in the USA is in grades 7–12.
Elementary (primary)and secondary (high) schools are organized on one of two bases: eight years of elementary school and four years of secondary school, or six years of elementary, three years of junior high school and three years of senior high school.
Elementary school children in the USA learn much the same subjects as do children of the same age in other countries. The program of studies includes English (reading, writing, spelling, grammar, composition), Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA and elementary Natural Science. Physical Training, Music and Drawing are also taught. Some schools teach a modern language, such as French, Spanish or German.
The junior high school is a sort of halfway between elementary and secondary school. It continues some elementary school subjects, but it also introduces courses in Mathematics and Science, and usually gives students their first chance to study a foreign language. It usually comprises grades seven, eight and nine.
The high school prepares young people either for work immediately after graduation or for more advanced study in a college or university. The subjects studied in elementary school are studied in greater detail and in a more advanced form in high school. In addition a student can specialize in Home Economics, Chemistry and Physics, Music, Humanities etc.
All states and districts have set the secondary school graduation level as the completion of the 12th grade, and the common name for the secondary graduation qualification is the High School Diploma. In the USA there is the shortest school year in the world, an average of 180 days.
CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter schools are public schools that are independent of any local school district. National surveysof charter schools have found high levels of satisfaction among parents, pupils and teachers associated with them. Charter schools were especially well received by poor and minority families.
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Charter schools are a movement toward school reform that focuses on improving education, pupil autonomy and choice. A charter school may be a separate school with separate funding, or it can be a school within a school. Typically, most new charter schools around the country are small.
The quality is measured by test scores. If the quality is good, the schools enjoy success. If it is not good, they’ll fail and lose their financing – this is a powerful motive to offer a high-quality program. Charter schools are usually formed by a group of teachers, parents, and/or community leaders who want to make contributions to educational reform.
Anyone can write a charter, but they must have the signatures of 50% of teachers at a school or a minimum of 10% of the teachers in the school district that will receive the charter submission. The timeline for approval of a charter is from 30 to 60 days.
Переведите :
To improve the quality of education, the timeline for approval, a grade, to receive a diploma, different movements, a separate choice, a public school, a private school, graduation, an elementary (primary) school, the approval of the charter, the submission of the document, to attend a charter school, to measure by scores.
Подберите английские эквиваленты из текста:
Обязательное образование, (бесплатная) средняя школа в США, неполная средняя школа (7, 8, 9 классы), старшие классы средней школы (10, 11, 12 классы), диплом о получении среднего образования, вносить вклад, обзор, финансируемый государством.
Заполните пропуски словами : high school diploma, education, public schools, levels, immigrants, pupils, children:
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SCHOOLS IN NEW YORK
Today New York City population includes more than 1.3 million school-age … . About 80% of them attend the city’s 1,100 … . In the early part of the twentieth century the city schools helped prepare … for American life, training most for jobs in commerce and industry and a favored few for higher … .
Today pupil expectations are far higher and, indeed, the economy requires higher … of education. College has become a necessity for most …, not just for the talented elite. A … has become a minimum requirement for today’s youth.
(From City Schools by D. Ravich, J. Viteritti)
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