The Adjective and the Stative. The Problem of its Discrimination.
The Stative are words built up by the prefix a- and denoting different states, mostly of temporary duration. eg. afraid, agog, adrift, ablaze.
Statives are introduced by A. Vostokov (Rus. L-ge), B. Ilyish (EL).
Probably the most consistent and explicit exposition of the part-of-speech interpretation of statives has been given by B. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rogovskaya:
1) the statives, called by the quoted authors "ad-links" are allegedly opposed to adjectives on a purely semantic basis, since adjectives denote "qualities", and statives-adlinks denote "states",
2) statives-adlinks are characterized by the specific pre-fix a-,
3) they allegedly do not possess the category of the degrees of comparison,
4) the combinability of statives-adlinks is different from that of adjectives, they are not used in the pre-positional attributive function, i.e. are characterized by the absence of the right-hand combinability with nouns.
The re-consideration of the stative on the basis of comparison with the classical adjective inevitably discloses the fundamental relationship between the two, — identity on the part-of-speech level, though, naturally, providing for their distinct differentiation on the subclass level (L. S. Barkhudarov - the traditional view).
1) the adjective as a whole signifies "property", which is categorially divided into "substantive quality" and "substantive relation". In this respect, statives do not fundamentally differ from classical adjectives. Moreover, common adjectives can express the same properties.
The main meaning types conveyed by statives are:
· the psychic state of a person (afraid, ashamed, aware);
· the physical state of a person (astir, afoot);
· the physical state of an object (afire, ablaze, aglow);
· the state of an object in space (askew, awry, aslant).
Meanings of the same order are rendered by pre-positional adjectives.
Eg. the burning house — the house afire,similar cases — cases alike
2) statives are not used in attributive pre-position, but, like adjectives, they are distinguished by the left-hand categorial combinability both with nouns and link-verbs
Eg. The household was all astir. - the household was all excited
3) basic functions of the stative are the predicative (predominant function) and the attribute. The similarity of functions leads to the possibility of the use of a stative and a common adjective in a homogeneous group.
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Eg. Launches and barges moored to the dock were ablaze and loud with wild sound.
4) statives do not take the synthetical forms of the degrees of comparison, but they are capable of expressing comparison analytically
Eg. Of us all, jack was the one most aware of the delicate situation in which we found ourselves.
The Connectors (Conjunctions and Prepositions)
The Conjunction is a part of speech which denotes connections between objects and phenomena. It connects parts of the sentence, clauses and sentences. They have no grammatical categories.
According to their morphological structure conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
1) Simple conjunctions (and, or, but, till, that, so, etc.)
2) Derivative conjunctions (until, unless, etc.)
3) Compound conjunctions (however, whereas, wherever, etc.)
4) Composite conjunctions (as well as, as long as, in case, for the reason that, etc.).
Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, etc.
Eg. Both Peter and Mary went there. Neither Peter nor Mary went there.
Conjunctions are never used alone in the sentence, nor do they have an independent function there.
As to their function conjunctions are divided in two classes:
1) Coordinating C.
2) Subordinating C.
Coordinating conjunctions
They join coordinate clauses in a compound sentence, or homogeneous parts in a simple sentence, or homogeneous subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, or independent sentences.
There are 4 kinds of coordinating C.:
1) Copulative (and, as well as, both…and, neither nor). Denote that one fact is simply added to another.
Eg. I saw Peter and Mary.
2) Disjunctive (or, either…or, or else, else). Offer some choice btw two statements.
Eg. Either Peter or Mary went there.
3) Adversative (but, while, whereas). Show one fact is contrasted with/against another.
Eg. Peter went there but Mary did not.
4) Causative-consecutive (so, for). One fact is inferred/proved from another.
Eg. Peter went there so Mary shouldn’t.
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