METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
1. Procedures of linguistic investigation.
2. Contrastive analysis.
3. Statistical analysis.
4. Immediate constituents analysis.
5. Distributional analysis.
6. Transformational analysis.
7. Componental analysis.
8. Method of semantic differential.
Procedures of Linguistic Investigation
Acquaintance with the currently used procedures of linguistic investigation is of considerable importance both for language learners and for prospective teachers as it gives them the possibility to observe how linguists obtain answers to certain questions and is of help in the preparation of teaching material. It also helps language learners to become good observers of how language works and this is the only lasting way to become better users of language.
The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages: 1. observation; 2. classification of the data obtained through observation; 3. generalization, i.e. the collection of data and their orderly arrangement must lead to the formulation of a generalization or hypothesis, rule or law; 4. verifying process.
All methods of linguistic analysis are traditionally subdivided into formalized and non-formalized procedures. The selection of this or that particular procedure largely depends on the goal set before the investigator.
Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive linguistics attempts to find out similarities and differences in languages. Detailed comparison of the structure of a native and a target lan guage is called contrastive analysis. The necessity of this analysis is very great for a language learner. One of major problems in learning of the second language is interference caused by the difference between the mother language of the learner and the target language. This analysis is applied to reveal the features of sameness and difference in the lexical meaning and the semantic structure of correlated words in different languages, e.g.: нога - foot, leg; рука -arm, hand; часы - clock, watch.
English: head of a person - in Russian: голова
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of a bed изголовье
of а со in сторона
of a match головка
of a table глава
of an organization глава, начальник
Head corresponds to different words in Russian.
Contrastive analysis on the level of the grammatical meaning reveals that correlated words in different languages may .differ in the grammatical component of the meaning, e.g. news, money, hair - in Russian they have the grammatical meaning of plurality, in English they are singular.
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Another example: in Russian there is no category of definite-ness/ indefiniteness, in English this category is expressed by means of articles.
Contrastive analysis deals with idiomatic (phraseological) side of the language too.
He is a heavy smoker, - He smokes a lot;
He is a hearty eater. - He likes to eat.
In general, contrastive analysis is of paramount importance for scientists and language-learning people, as it predicts typical errors.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis has considerable importance not only because of its precision but also because of its relevance to certain problems of communication engineering and information theory. Statistical analysis is of great importance in the selection of vocabulary of a foreign language for teaching purposes.
It is common knowledge that very few people know more than 10% of the words of their mother language. Out of about 500,000 words listed in the 'OED the «passive» vocabulary of an educated Englishman comprises no more than 30.000 words and-of these 4,000 - 5,000 are presumed to be sufficient for .the daily needs. Thus, it is evident that the, problem of selection of teaching vocabulary is of vital importance.
Statistic analysis helps to determine-the frequency of occurrence of the words. Hence, it gives the opportunity to decide which meaning is primary (or secondary), and collocability of words. Statistical analysis should not be confused with purely numerical counts (the first involves the use of some mathematical formula).
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