Synonyms and Lexical Unites Used as Synonyms in Communicative Blocks of Patent Specification
Синонимы и лексика, используемая в качестве синонимов, в различных коммуникативных блоках патентного описания
Синонимические ряды частотной патентной лексики.
Изобретение недостаток
1. application 1. default
2. contribution to the art 2. defect
3. concept 3. deficiency
4. current
5.description
6. discussion
7. disclosure 4. detriment
8.. discovery 5. Disadvantage
9. invention 6. drawback
10. inventive teaching 7. fault
11. novel 8. failure
12. teaching 9. nuisance
13. object 10. weakness
14. specification
15. subject
Цель иметь цель, ставить целью
1. aim 1. to aim
2. concept 2. to be concerned
3. concern 3. to be directed
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4. essence 4. to be intended
5. motive 5. to comprise
6. need 6. to propose
7. object 7. to provide
8. objective 8. to relate
9. principle 9. to seek
10. purpose
11. subject
Повысить КПД
1. to aid
2. to belte
3. to enhance
4. to improve
5. to increase
6. to raise
Частично устранить недостаток устранить недостаток
1. to alleviate 1. to cure
2. to improve 2. to deal with
3. to lessen 3. to do away with eliminate
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4. to mitigate 4. to get rid of
5. to overcome 5. to improve
6. to reduce 6. to meet
7. to relieve 7. to obviate
8. to overcome
9. to remedy
10. to remove
11. to solve
12. to surmount
Сущность изобретения объем изобретения
1. character 1. ambit
2. contemplation 2. breadth to
3. essence 3. extend
4. genus 4. limits
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5. gist 5. precepts
6. intendment 6. preview
7. nature 7. range
8. spirit 8. realm
9. substance 9. scope
10. tend 10. sphere
Пример осуществления специалист
Изобретения
1. adaptation 1. an engineer
2. alternation 2. a person active in that field
3. arrangement 3. a reader
4. change 4. a skilled person
5. construction 5. a worker in this field
6. development 6. one acquainted with the art
to which this invention pertains
7. equivalent 7. one conversant with the art
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8. embodiment 8. one familiar with the art
9. form 9. one having ordinary skill in the art
10. modification 10. one skilled in the art
11. ramification 11. one versed in the art
12. revision
13.substitution
14. variant
15. variation
Родственная заявка по пункту
1. cognate 1. as claimed in claim
2. concurrent 2. as defined in (by) claim
3. companion 3. as described in claim
4. copending 4. as recited in claim
5. pending 5. as set forth in claim
6. related 6. in accordance with claim
7. in claim
8. of claim
"относиться" – синонимы к слову to relate
1. to appertain to 8. to deal with
2. to be 9. to be directed to
3. to be for 10. to be related to
4. to be concerned with 11. to be relevance to
5. to comprise 12. to pertain
6. to concern 13. to provide
7. to consist in 14. to refer to
PART VI. AREA STUDY
APPENDIX 1. MODULE TESTS
MODULE № 1 (Great Britain)
Variant I
Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What symbols of Britain do you know?
2. Who use slang terms for the English (“Sassenachs”, “Les Rosbifs”, “Limeys”)?
3. What links England to Europe?
4. What are the most famous English schools and when were they founded?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
1. Boxing Day is the second day of Christmas.
2. The House of Lancaster and the House of York were symbolized by a white rose and a red rose respectively.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
Hastings, Greenwich, Big Ben, Mumbles
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. The Romans led by Julius Caesar landed in Great Britain. 1839-1902
2. The Victorian Era. 1491-1547
3. The Elizabethan era. 1750
4. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution. 1533-1603
5. The rule of Henry VIII 55-54 BC
MODULE № 1 (Great Britain)
Variant II
Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What islands does not Great Britain include?
2. What is the population of England?
3. What traces of the Romans’ presence in Great Britain do you know?
4. What important event marking a new era happened in the 11th c?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
1. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Johnson all wrote during the Victorian Era.
2. Bank Holidays do not include Easter Monday.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
The Picts, the Welsh Dragon, Lions of Anjou, Boudicca.
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. The uprising of Celts against the Romans led by Boudicca. 1485
2. Christianity arrived in Britain. 1096
3. The foundation of Oxford University 1-2 nd c.AD
4. The first English Parliament 1265
5. The end of the Wars of Roses 61-62 AD
MODULE № 1 (Great Britain)
Variant III
Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What is the difference between two names of the UK flag?
2. What are the principal geographic characteristics of England?
3. What were the most ancient tribes on English Territory?
4. What were the reasons for the Civil War in 1642 in England?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
1. Hadrian’s Wall defended the southern British provinces and marked the boundary between England and Scotland.
2. Elizabeth I was the first monarch to use the title Empress of India.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
Druids, Albion, Claudius, the Iceni
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. Winston Churchill was made war leader 1066
2. The English Civil War 1707
3. The Battle of Hastings 1660
4. The restoration of monarchy 1940
5. The Union Flag was adopted 1642
MODULE № 1 (Great Britain)
Variant IV
Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What alternative names for England do you know?
2. What climate is in Great Britain?
3. Who were the invaders after the Romans?
4. Who are the most famous monarchs of the Tudor dynasty and what are they famous for?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
1. The Pope as the head of the church separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VII.
3. The Presbyterian Church is the official state church in England.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
Presbitarianism, the counties, Limeys, the Blitz
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. The beginning of undivided Saxon rule in England 793
2. The Roman Occupation began 829
3. BBC was established by a Royal Charter 1534
4. The Viking raid on the monastery at Lindisfarne 43AD
5. Separation of the English Christian Church from Rome 1927
MODULE № 2 (The USA)
Variant I
Task 1. Answer the questions
5. What is the name of the USA?
6. How did the European colonization of the Americas change the lives and cultures of the Native Americans?
7. What Americans icons can you name?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
3. The USA is the largest country in the world.
4. Eastern American pronunciation resembles the South England people’s speech.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
Boston Tea Party, Old Glory, the Ivy League, Stars and Stripes.
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. First English Settlement at Jamestown 1776
2. The Constitution of the US was written 1801
3. The American Congress declared independence 1876
4. Battle of Little Bighorn 1787
5. The Louisiana Purchase 1607
MODULE № 2 (The USA)
Variant II
Task 1. Answer the questions
5. What types of landscapes are there in the USA?
6. Who were the first European settlers of America and when did they arrive on the American coast?
7. What are the main parties and governmental institutions of the USA?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
3. Broadway is a major shopping street in New York City.
4. American English is an English dialect.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
The Trial of Tears, the Founding Fathers of the US, the Big Apple, Turkey Day.
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. Columbus discovered America 1830
2. The Indian Removal Act 1861
3. The beginning of the Civil War 1492
4. Thomas Jefferson became the 3-rd president 1848
5. A “gold rush” began in California 1801
MODULE № 2 (The USA)
Variant III
Task 1. Answer the questions
5. What types of climates are there in the USA?
6. What did Europeans bring to America for the Native Americans?
7. What world famous American personalities can you name?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
4. Columbus was the first European to reach America.
5. The Mormon religion is in Utah.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
The Testaments, the Louisiana Purchase, Abolitionists, a melting – pot
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. First voyage to the New World by Amerigo Vespucci 1901
2. Arrival of the Pilgrims on board of Mayflower 1497
3. The American Revolution began 1620
4. Abe Lincoln became the president of the US 1775
5. Theodor Roosevelt became President 1860
MODULE № 2 (The USA)
Variant IV
Task 1. Answer the questions
5. What is the population of the USA?
6. What was the main purpose of the American Revolution?
7. What are the holidays celebrated only in the USA or originated from them?
Task 2. Decide whether the given statements are true or false.
1. American English is a separate language.
5. There are no national holidays in the US.
Task 3. Explain the given terms
The Monroe Doctrine, the Pilgrims, the Navy Jack, King James Version
Task 4. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column.
1. The Gadsdan Purchase (from Mexico) 1957
2. The Bill of Rights became a law 1773
3. The Boston Tea Party 1853
4. The Korean War 1791
5. The Vietnam War 1950
APPENDIX 2
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