Sample of an Abstract in Scientific Literature
Naidu KS, Bajaj DK (2015, July 01). Modelling and Exhaust Nozzle Flow Simulations in a Scramjet. Jurnal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology. Retrieved November 20, 2017 from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/modelling-and-exhaust-nozzle-flow-simulations-in-a-scramjet-2329-6542-1000122.php?aid=65164
Abstract
This project will be aimed at modelling the supersonic flow inside Scramjet engine using the Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD ANSYS Fluent. Scramjet Engine starts at a hypersonic free stream Mach no. 5.00. When pressures and temperatures become so high in supersonic flight that it is no longer efficient to slow the oncoming flow to subsonic speeds for combustion, a scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is used in place of a ramjet. Supersonic flow from a nozzle that represents the exhaust nozzle of a supersonic combustion ramjet SCRAMJET is modelled. Jet from the nozzle is issued into a domain which is bounded on one side by an after body wall which is parallel to the center line of the nozzle. Shocks propagating from the nozzle exit reflect from the after body. Outflow from scramjet engines can have a significant impact on both the heat transfer and the pressure distribution on the section of the aircraft that lies downstream. Most importantly, reflecting shock waves lead to large peaks in the distributions. Two geometrical configurations for the after body are tested. Experimental values are used because this span wise region is closest to the centre of the experimental model where the three-dimensional effects are minimal. Measured values of the distribution of wall pressure and heat transfer rate along the after body are used to validate the CFD simulation.
Keywords
Scramjet; Nozzle; Shock waves; Ansys; Computational fluid dynamics
Text 3. Sections of an Abstract
Although some journals still publish abstracts that are written as free-flowing paragraphs, most journals require abstracts to conform to a formal structure within a word count of, usually, 200–250 words. The usual sections defined in a structured abstract are the Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions; other headings with similar meanings may be used (eg, Introduction in place of Background or Findings in place of Results). Some journals include additional sections, such as Objectives/Purposes (between Background and Methods) and Limitations, Wider Implications (at the end of the abstract). In the rest of this text, issues related to the contents of each section will be examined in turn. Most journals provide clear instructions to authors on the formatting and contents of different parts of the manuscript. These instructions often include details on what the sections of an abstract should contain. Authors should tailor their abstracts to the specific requirements of the journal to which they plan to submit their manuscript. It could also be an excellent idea to model the abstract of the paper, sentence for sentence, on the abstract of an important paper on a similar subject and with similar methodology, published in the same journal for which the manuscript is slated.
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Background
This section should be the shortest part of the abstract and should very briefly outline the following information:
1. What is already known about the subject, related to the paper in question (providing a brief outline of the current state of scientific knowledge in the field).
2. What is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine or what the paper seeks to present.
In most cases, the background can be framed in just 2–3 sentences, with each sentence describing a different aspect of the information referred to above; sometimes, even a single sentence may suffice. The purpose of the background, as the word itself indicates, is to provide the reader with a background to the study, and hence to smoothly lead into a description of the methods employed in the investigation.
Methods
The methods section is usually the second-longest section in the abstract. It should contain enough information to enable the reader to understand what was done, and how. This section should provide brief answers to the following general questions:
What was the research design?
What was the setting of the study (if relevant)?
What was the duration of the study?
What was the primary outcome measure and how was it defined?
Results
The results section is the most important part of the abstract and nothing should compromise its range and quality. This is because readers who peruse an abstract do so to learn about the findings of the study. The results section should therefore be the longest part of the abstract and should contain as much detail about the findings as the journal word count permits.
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Conclusions
This section should contain the most important take-home message of the study, expressed in a few precisely worded sentences. Usually, the finding highlighted here relates to the primary outcome measure; however, other important or unexpected findings should also be mentioned. It is also customary, but not essential, for the authors to express an opinion about the theoretical or practical implications of the findings, or the importance of their findings for the field. Thus, the conclusions may contain three elements:
1. The primary take-home message
2. The additional findings of importance
3. Wider implications – a summarizing statement that puts the work into a broader context and highlights any wider implications and directions for future study.
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