Text 3. Composition of the text
A well-structured text should be organized in a clear way according to certain conventions: it must not be a twisted or an incomprehensible lot of ideas and should be divided into some paragraphs, each expressing one idea. Some rules referring to the paragraphs:
• A paragraph must be clearly separated from other paragraphs, either by an empty line or by indenting the first line, or both.
• There must be no blank spaces or half-empty lines inside the paragraph.
• A paragraph in academic prose does not begin with a dot, a line or a kind of mark, except in special circumstances.
• Each body paragraph must normally have a topic sentence, and more than one sentence.
Types of paragraphs
The introductory paragraph
There must be at least one, although there can be more than one. This paragraph is usually a generalization. It is more or less true, imprecise and it is of relative little value unless it is backed up. Discourse marks for generalizations:
• Adverbial connectives: in general, generally [speaking], on the whole...
• Determiners: all, most, a majority, many, some, no, none...
• Adverbs: rarely, always, every, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, never...
• Verbs: seem, appear, sound.
• Modal verbs: may, might, could.
• Personal opinions: I find, I think, it strikes me that...
The structure of the introductory paragraph may conclude the opening statement, background information, thesis statement.
The opening statement leads into the subject of the introduction and establishes an initial connection between the reader and the subject. In other words, engages the reader's attention: there is often place for ingenuity here. An opening statement is a generalization about something, something like Poetry is a complex subject or AIDS is a serious problem. It is similar to a topic sentence, but an opening statement introduces the topic of an essay and a topic sentence introduces the topic of a body paragraph. Background information gives some general information: often this is a justification for bringing up a particular subject. The background information gives reasons for which is necessary to write about this to write about it. Thesis statement explains the basic purpose of the essay, whether it is going to be description, explanation, argumentation - and what general lines this will take.
The body paragraph. Structure.
Topic introducer. This part is optional. It is more general than a topic sentence and it does not include in embryo all that follows in the paragraph. Its function is to lead up to the matter in hand and narrow down the field of reference. It very often says what the write is not going to talk about.
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Topic sentence. A sentence includes in embryo all the ideas expressed in the rest of the paragraph. It is usually a generalization.
Supporting sentences. These are the background information, the ideas that reinforce and develop the ones included in the topic sentences.
The concluding paragraph
It consists of a summary of the main points developed in the body paragraph. It will bear a relationship with the thesis statement. Its purposes are:
- to remind the readers of the main ideas,
- to reinforce the argument (in discussion essays or argument essays),
- to give the readers a sense of completion,
- to make sure that the reader has understood the essay, and
- to leave the reader satisfied.
Discourse markers: to sum up, to conclude, by way of concluding...
The concluding paragraph should not give new information, only sum up the given before.
According to the notes given, the structure of a standard text would be like this:
Introductory Paragraph
a. Opening Statement
b. Background information
c. Thesis Statement
Body Paragraph
a. (Topic introducer)
b. Topic Sentence
c. Supporting Sentences
Body Paragraph
The same structure as above
Concluding Paragraph
Discourse markers
Questions that help readers use text structures to aid comprehension:
Skim the article for titles, subtitles, headings, and key words. After scanning the text, how do you think the author organized the information? Which framework did this author use to organize the information? Chronological? Cause/Effect? Problem/Solution? Compare/Contrast? Description?
Does the author use a combination of structures?
How did the author organize the text to be “reader-friendly”?
Which text features helped you collect information from the article?
Support and Elaboration
Support and Elaboration is the extension and development of the topic/subject. The writer provides sufficient elaboration to present the ideas and/or events clearly. Two important concepts in determining whether details are supportive are the concepts of relatedness and sufficiency. To be supportive of the subject matter, details must be related to the focus of the response. Relatedness has to do with the directness of the relationship that the writer establishes between the information and the subject matter. Supporting details should be relevant and clear. The writer must present his/her ideas with enough power and clarity to cause the support to be sufficient. Effective use of concrete, specific details strengthens the power of the response. Insufficiency is often characterized by undeveloped details, redundancy, and the repetitious paraphrasing of the same point. Sufficiency has less to do with amount than with the weight or power of the information that is provided.
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Samples of development
Sample 1
The work carried out in the European TONES project [44] provides relational database access through ontologies. [topic sentence] In this approach, data access is enabled by defining links between ontology concepts and relational data. This ontology-to-database mapping mechanism enables a designer to link a data source to an OWL-Lite ontology. While defining mappings, the designer needs to take into account that an ad-hoc identifier should denote each concept instance so that instance values cannot be confused with data items in the data source. Queries are formulated by consulting ontology-to-database mapping rules, but this rule derivation process is carried out manually by ontology and database experts [44]. [development] (p. 8)
Munir, K., Anjum M.S (2017, August 7). The use of ontologies for effective knowledge modelling and information retrieval. Applied Computing and Informatics . Retrieved November 12, 2017 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aci.2017.07.003Get rights and content
Sample 2
The SemanticLIFE system integrates multiple data sources and stores them in an ontological repository. The Virtual Query component of the SemanticLIFE system allows semantic query writing on the ontological RDF-based repository. Users are provided with an overview about the system data through a Virtual Data component which stores the extracted metadata of the data sources in the form of an ontology. The approach provides a query engine, which recommends the query patterns according to the users’ querying context. Since it is based on a common ontology mapped from the local data source ontologies, this approach can refine users’ queries and create sub-queries over the local data sources. [development] (p.8)
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Munir, K., Anjum M.S (2017, August 7). The use of ontologies for effective knowledge modelling and information retrieval. Applied Computing and Informatics . Retrieved November 12, 2017 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aci.2017.07.003Get rights and content
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