The problem of definition of the phrase. Notional, formative and functional phrases.Free and set phrases.
The definition of the phrase is rather a controversial issue. In Russian linguistics, the narrow approach, which was put forward by V. V. Vinogradov, traditionally prevails: only a combination of two notional words, one of which dominates the other, is considered a word-combination. A much broader approach was proposed by Leonard Bloomfield and it is shared by many modern linguists. One of the leading specialists in this field, V. V. Burlakova, defines a word-combination as any syntactically organized group of syntagmatically connected words; thisincludes combinations of functional and notional words, and predicative and coordinative combinations of words. Critical revision of these two approaches is possible on the basis of the above given description of the phrase (the phraseme) as a separate lingual unit.
Defining the phrase as a polynominative lingual unit helps reveal the status of notional phrases, semantically independent (“autosemantic”) combinations of notional words, as the basic type of phrasemes. Besides notional phrases (phrases proper), two other structural types of syntagmatic groupings of words can be distinguished, which can be defined as phrases or word-combinations only in form: formative phrases and functional phrases. The formative phrase is a combination of a notional word with a functional word, which is contextually dependent (“synsemantic”) and functionally similar to separate notional words used in various grammatical forms, e.g.: of Peter (= Peter’s); in a moment, without doubt, etc. Functional phrases are combinations of functional words similar to regular functional words, e.g.: apart from, as soon as, with reference to, must be able, etc.
Notional phrases are subdivided into different types, which reveal various grammatical and semantic properties of the phrase constituents and the phrase in general.
Give example of indirect question sentence.
I wonder who shut the window
№34 ЕМТИХАН БИЛЕТІ /
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ БИЛЕТ
The systemic character of grammar. Morphology and syntax - the two main sections of grammar.
Each sub-system distinguishes not only its own set of elements, but its own structural organization. For example, within the grammatical system we single out parts of speech and sentence patterns. The parts of speech are further subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs, functional parts of speech; this subdivision of grammar is known as morphology. Sentences are further subdivided into simple and composite: composite sentences are subdivided into complex and compound, etc.; this subdivision of grammar is known as syntax.
|
|
|
The phrase as a polynominatlve lingual unit. The correlation of the phrase and the word, of the phrase and the sentence.
The main object of study in syntax is the communicative unit of the language, the sentence. The phrase is the syntactic unit used as a notional part of a sentence. As a level-forming unit (see Unit 1), it is characterized by some common and some differential features with the unit of the lower level, the word, and the unit of the upper level, the sentence. Like the word, the phrase is a nominative unit, but it provides a complex nomination of the referent, a polynomination consisting of several (at least two) nominative components, presenting the referent as a complicated phenomenon, cf.: a girl – a beautiful girl; a decision – his unexpected decision; etc. Moreover, the regular free phrase does not enter speech as a ready-made unit like the word; it is freely formed in speech, like the sentence according to a certain grammatical pattern. As for the fixed word-combinations, idioms, they are closer to the word in the type of nomination: they are ready-made units fixed in dictionaries and studied mainly by lexicology.
The basic difference between the phrase and the sentence is as follows: the phrase cannot express full predication, even if it denotes a situation; this becomes obvious in their mutual transformations, for example, in the so-called phrasalization, or nominalization of the sentence, cf.: They considered the problem. – their consideration of the problem; for them to consider the problem; their considering of the problem.
3. Underline the main members of the sentence: The key opened the door. The boy was looking at her thinking that he had neverseen so red moon.The youngest kid cried most bitterly of all.
№35 ЕМТИХАН БИЛЕТІ /
ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ БИЛЕТ
1. Grammatically relevant subclasses of the noun: common and proper, animate and inanimate, human and non-human, countable and uncountable, concrete and abstract nouns.
|
|
|
The most characteristic functions of the noun in a sentence are the function of a subject and an object e.g.: The teacher took the book.
On the basis of “type of nomination” proper nouns are opposed to common nouns.
Common nouns present a general name of any thing belonging to a certain class of things, e.g.: river – any river, boy – any boy,
while the proper nouns have no generalized meaning; they serve as a label, a nickname of a separate individual being or thing, e.g.: Mississippi, John, New York, etc.
animate nouns the former denoting living beings the latter denoting things (man, woman, dog), are opposed to phenomena (tree, table). inanimate nouns,
On the basis of “personal quality” human animate nouns (person nouns man – he, woman – she,), denoting human beings, or persons, are opposed to non-human nouns (non-person nouns e.g.: the sun - he, the moon - she), denoting all the other referents.
On the basis of “quantitative structure” of the referent countable (variable) nouns table – tables, are opposed to uncountable (invariable) noun(sugar), s, the former denoting discrete, separate things which can be counted and form discrete multitudes
2. The notion of a predicative line; simple sentence as a monopredicative construction. Nominative division of the sentence into syntactic and semantic constituents
The finite verb, expressing the basic predicative meaning of the sentence and performing the function of the predicate, and the subject combined with it form the so-called “predicative line” of the sentence. On the basis of predicative line presentation, sentences are divided into monopredicative (with one predicative line expressed), i.e. simple, and polypredicative (with two or more predicative lines expressed), i.e. composite and semi-composite.
Traditionally, the simple sentence has been studied primarily from the point of view of its grammatical, or nominative division: the content of the situational event reflected by the sentence, which includes a certain process as its dynamic center, the agent of the process, the objects of the process, various conditions and circumstances of the process, form the basis of the traditional syntactic division of the sentence into its nominative (positional) parts, or members of the sentence. In other words, each notional part expresses a certain semantic component or “role” in the situation; in the structure of the sentence, they perform the function of modifying either each other or the sentence in general.
|
|
|
3. Write out simple sentences of the sentences given below: The kid cried most bitterly. We met him today on our way to the library .We came ashore. When I saw him last he was a member of the American Academy of Arts.
Дата добавления: 2019-07-17; просмотров: 2068; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!