What are the main sights of London?
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The United States of America. Washington, DC.
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The medical education in Russia, in Great Britain, in America
Read and retell the following texts
Medical education in Russia
All establishments of higher medical education are financed and guided by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
Doctors of different specialties are trained at medical institutions of higher education, at medical universities and academies. There are also pharmaceutical academies, which train specialists in pharmacy.
Medical institutions of higher education offer various faculties and specialties which an entrant may choose according to his or her abilities and wishes. Nowadays a new examination system is being introduced. The so-called «The General State Exam» allows pupils to enter any institution of higher education according to its results.
Medical colleges train paramedical personnel: nurses, midwives, dental technicians and doctor’s assistants. The course of studies is 3-4 years.
The training at medical institutions of higher education takes 5 or 6 years. It consists of lectures, practical classes and medical practice. The attendance of lectures, practical classes and seminars4 is compulsory. Academic year begins on September the 1 stand is divided into two semesters of four months each. At the end of each semester the students have to pass examinations and tests. If a student passes the exams well he gets a grant paid monthly. paramedical personnel. For the first two years students study pre-clinical subjects such as: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Social Sciences, Latin and so on. They also study Human Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, and Microbiology. Clinical subjects are taught from the third to the fifth or sixth year.
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The students have practical course at therapeutic, surgical and other departments in hospitals and clinics. They master practical skills in clinical conditions. They are taught how to take and record the patient’s case history, to carry on medical examination of the patient, to make diagnosis, to prescribe treatment and carry on different medical procedures. There are all facilities for talented students to carry on research work. They attend scientific societies at different departments where they are offered modern guidelines for research activity. Having passed state examinations graduates receive their diplomas and can apply for clinical internship.
The post graduate course and the Institute of Post-Diploma and Additional Education are for doctors, paramedical personnel. During three years the post-graduate students prepare a thesis, defend it and obtain the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences.
Health service in England
The National Health Service in England was inaugurated on July 5, 1948 by the Minister for Health under the National Health Service Act of 1946.
The number of doctors in England is not quite enough to serve millions of patients treated at the National Health Service. Nurses are also in short supply.
All doctors may take part in the Family Doctor System. They may have private practice receiving the pay directly from the patients for their medical advice. Health Service doctors are paid by the government. The pay depends on the number of patients they have served every month. The hospital service includes general and special hospitals, tuberculosis sanatoria, infectious disease units and all forms of specialized treatment together with the provision of most surgical and medical needs.
In the main this part of the service is organized by 15 Regional Hospital Boards. In each hospital area there is a University having a teaching hospital or a medical school.
Professional training
Only persons whose names are on the medical register can practice as doctors in the National Health Service, and only persons whose names are on the dental register can practice dentistry in Britain. The minimum qualification for registration requires, for a doctor, five to seven years' training in the medical school and hospital, and, for a dentist, four years at a dental school.
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It also requires that before becoming fully registered and entitled to practice independently a medical student must spend at least a year after the completion of his examinations in satisfactory service in a resident medical capacity in one or more approved hospitals or institutions.
The General Medical Council is the governing body of the medical profession. It sees to it that no unqualified persons practice medicine.
There are 16 universities that grant degrees in medicine and surgery. In addition, the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons grant diplomas which are recognized by the General Medical Council.
Higher degrees of Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Master of Surgery (MS); Membership or Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP); Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (FRCS) — may be obtained after examinations
The National Health Service
The National Health Service was established throughout the United Kingdom on 5th July 1948. Similar services operate in England and Wales, in Scotland and in Northern Ireland, but with administrative differences.
The introduction of the new health service did not mean a complete break with the past. On the contrary, all that was good in the existing services was absorbed into a new scheme. The National Health Service made it possible that the benefits once available only to insured persons or those who could afford to pay for them, or as a form of charity, became available to everyone. The Service consists of 3 main parts:
the general practitioner (including dental) services
the hospital and specialist services,
and a local health authority services (comprising a range of home and clinical services for prevention, treatment or care).
The public is free £o use the Service, or any independent part of it, as it pleases. The patient is free to choose his doctor, and to change to another if he wishes to do so. The doctor may accept private patients9 while taking part in the Service.
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About 97 per cent of the whole population of Great Britain is using the Service. The great majority of specialists and general practitioners are taking part in the Service.
Medical service in the USA
In the USA there are three levels of organization of medical service: the private doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United State Public Health Service.
The average American has a doctor of his own, whom he calls his "family doctor". This doctor gives the patient regular examinations, vaccinations and medical advice. This doctor receives pay directly from the patient.
But some Americans with low income have no family doctor. They come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs. Here they are cared for by interns, residents (врачи живущие при больнице) and the doctors who work there.
The considerable cost of medical care has led to the development of two new programmes by the Federal Government — Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides free medical care for all the Americans over 65. Medicaid provides free medical care for all those whose income is below a certain level.
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