Speak about the history of pharmacy
Evolution
The evolution of pharmacy can be divided into five historical periods:
1. ANCIENT ERA – The beginning of time to AD 1600
2. EMPIRIC ERA – 1600-1940
3. INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA – 1940-1970
4. PATIENT CARE ERA – 1970 to present time
5. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING ERA – The new horizon
Ancient era
• Used leaves, herbs, mud and cool water to stop bleeding and heal wounds.
• Used these methods by observing how animals heal their wounds.
• Documented experiences of healing onto clay tablets.
• In Babylonia the earliest record of the practice of pharmacy by the priest, pharmacist and physician was kept. This is where the science of drugs, organized pharmacy and medicine had its beginnings.
• Hippocrates – Father of Medicine. Dioscorides – Father of Pharmacology.
• Mithridates VI – Father of Toxicology (studied the adverse effects of plants).
Empiric era
• The Pharmacopoeia became a regulatory tool for pharmacists.
• The major contribution of pharmacists to science was in the area of chemistry.
• In 1620, Michael I of Russia founded the Pharmaceutical Prikaz, that would be transformed into the Medical office in 1714 by Peter I.
Industrialization era
• The development of manufacturing pharmacy began. Rapid mass production of medicines followed, i.e. mass production of penicillin began as early as 1943, due to the high demand for medicines during World War II.
• Standardization, biologically prepared products, complex chemical synthesis and increased use of parenteral medications were all part of this period.
Patient care era
• This era concentrated on research to develop new medicines.
• Pharmacists began to take a more hands-on role in dispensing medications.
The new horizon
• Research in the area of biotechnology and gene therapy is being conducted.
• Medications are being produced through recombinant DNA technology.
• New therapies for cancer, anemia and hepatitis are being introduced.
The Russian Federation. Moscow.
Active vocabulary
| surface | поверхность |
| to be washed by | омываться |
| border | граница |
| vegetation | растительность |
| steppe | степь |
| plain | равнина |
| desert | пустыня |
| mountain chain | горная цепь |
| lake | озеро |
| temperate climate | умеренный климат |
| minerals\mineral resources | полезные ископаемые |
| ore | руда |
| oil | нефть |
| coal | уголь |
Read and retell the text
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The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth’s surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers.
The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Byelorussia and Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA. There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe’s biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena — flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world’s deepest lake (1600 meters) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Russia has one-sixth of the world’s forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
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