Ex. 3. Ask all kinds of questions and make the sentences negative.
1. He may come soon. 2. She may tidy her room later today. 3. They might return next week.
Ex. 4. Insert can, could, may, might or their negative forms.
1. Students …………... bring textbooks into the examination room. 2. – ……...... you stand on your head? – I ………….. when I was in my teens. 3. – ………I smoke here? No, you ………… Smoking is not allowed. 4. – ……….. you drive? – Yes, I ………….drive, but I …………… do it very well. 5. No matter how hard I try, I …………… remember his address. 6. He ……………answer the teacher’s questions yesterday because he wasn’t ready. 7. – …………..I come and see you tonight? – Do, please. 8. When I first went to Spain I ………….understand some Spanish, but I ……………. speak it. 9. He said we ……………..live in his flat for some time. 10. There was a lot of noise in the street last night and I ……………. sleep. 11. …………. I borrow your umbrella? I left mine at home. 12. …….. you shut the window? It’s becoming cold. 13. I don’t believe you. He …… be so cruel. 14. I’m not sure, but he ……….. be in the pub now. 15. You ……….. listen to him at least!
MODALS OF OBLIGATION
MUST (equivalent: HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO), NEED, BE TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO;
| meaning | modals | examples | commentary | |
| 1 | obligation or necessity that the speaker agrees to | must had to will have to | If he's in trouble, we must help him. It’s late, I must go now. It was late and I had to go. I’ll have to help him. | |
| 2 | circumstantial necessity | have to have got to | As I live far, I have to get up at 6. Do you have to go now? I didn’t have to stay there. I haven’t got to get up so early. Have you got to do it? | in Russian: «вынужден», «пришлось» |
| 3 | the absence of necessity | have to need | You don’t have to learn the rule. You needn’t learn the rule. You don’t need to learn the rule. | need can be both modal and notional |
| 4 | command | must be to | You must leave the room at once! You are to leave the room at once! You mustn’t leave the room now! | |
| 5 | urgent request | must | You must certainly see this film. You are sure to like it. | |
| 6 | supposition bordering on assurance | must | He must know it. It’s his job. He must be at home. It ’ s 11 o ’ clock . | |
| 7 | necessity as a result of plan, agreement, arrangement, time-table | be to | We are to meet the delegation at 7. They were to go there together. | |
| 8 | advice or mild obligation | should ought to | You should see a doctor. You shouldn’t go there alone. We ought to help our elderly parents . | in Russian: «следует» |
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MODAL NEGATIVES
You can’t go there. There are rules, laws or circumstances that don’t allow it.
You may not go there. The speaker doesn’t allow it.
You mustn’t go there. The speaker forbid something absolutely.
You needn’t go there. It isn’t necessary to do it.
You don’t have to go there.
You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) go there. The speaker doesn’t advise you to do it.
JAZZ CHANT
Mamma Knows Best
You shouldn’t do it that way You shouldn’t take the train
You ought to do it this way You ought to take the bus
You ought to do it this way You shouldn’t wear that hat
You ought to do it my way You ought to cut your hair
You shouldn’t wear it that way You shouldn’t get so fat
You ought to wear it this way You ought to eat a pear
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You ought to wear it this way You shouldn’t do it that way
You ought to wear it my way You ought to do it this way
You shouldn’t go with them You ought to do it this way
You ought to go with us You ought to do it my way.
EXERCISES
Ex. 5. Ask all kinds of questions and make the sentences negative.
1. He must be in time for his classes. 2. He has to work for his living. 3. We have got to go now. 4. They should take a taxi. 5. She ought to follow a diet. 6. They are to arrive at the station at 7.
Ex. 6. Insert must or have to in a suitable form.
1. Fortunately his wife could drive, so he ………………………drive all the way himself. 2. You ……………….. certainly see our new house. It’s gorgeous! It’s terrific! 3. She ……………….. leave home at 7 every morning last year. 4. The apples were rotten. We ……………. throw them away. 5. You ……………. come to work in time. 6. She felt ill and ………. leave early. 7. The bus was half empty yesterday, so I ……………………..stand. 8. Tomorrow is my day off. I’m so glad I ……………………..get up early. 9. His wife is away. He ……………………cook his own meals. 10. You can finish this work tomorrow, you ……………………. do everything today. 11. Jimmy, you ……………….do what Mummy says. 12. He sees very badly, so he …………………wear glasses all the time. 13. The buses were all full; I ………………….get a taxi. 14. Tell her that she ………………..come at once. I insist. 15. Passengers ………………….. be in possession of a ticket. 16. She lives a long way from the shops, but fortunately she ……………………….do the shopping every day. 17. I got lost and …………………ask the policeman the way. 18. I’m going to bed earlier today as I ………………….. catch the five o’clock train tomorrow morning. 19. Her father doesn’t allow her to stay out late. She ………………be in by nine o’clock every evening.
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Ex. 7. Insert mustn’t or needn’t.
1. You …………………..ring the bell. I have a key. 2. You …………………….drink this: it’s poison. 3. You …………… drive fast; there’s a speed limit here. 4. You ……………………….drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5. You …………….. write to him; he will be here tomorrow. 6. Students …………………..have textbooks at their exams. 7. You ……………… make a noise or you’ll wake the baby. 8. You ………………….take your umbrellas. It isn’t going to rain. 9. You ………… do the whole exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 10. Maggie, you …………………tell lies to your parents. 11. You ……………. turn on the light. It’s not dark in the room. 12. You ………………..strike a match. The room is full of gas. 13. We …………………..make any more sandwiches. There are plenty of them. 14. You …………………….put salt in his food. Salt is very bad for him. 15. Danny, you …………………play with matches. It’s dangerous. 16. You …………… clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming today. 17. I’ll lend you the money and you ………………….pay me back till next month. 18. We …………………climb any higher. We can see very well from here. 19. You ………………... smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 20. I …………………….go shopping today. We have all the necessary things. 21. – I’m afraid, you’ve given me too much. – Well, you ………………………..eat it all. 22. Harry, you ………………… interrupt when your father is speaking. 23. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 100; you …………………say anything. 24. You ………………..worry. I will stand by you.
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