ENGLISH TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
| facts, customary, repeated actions | actions unfinished at a given moment | actions completed by a given moment | actions that have been in progress before a given moment | |
| Present | I write He writes Do you write? Does he write? (usually, every day) | I am writing He is writing We are writing (at this moment, now) | I have written He has written (already, yet, often, just, today, this year) | I have been writing He has been writing (for a long time, since 5) |
| Past | I wrote Did you write? He didn’t write (yesterday, long ago) | I was writing You were writing (at 5 o’clock yesterday) | I had written (by 5 o’clock yesterday) | I had been writing (for two hours when they came) |
| Future | He will write He won’t write (tomorrow, soon) | He will be writing (at this time tomorrow) | He will have written (by 5 o’clock tomorrow) | He will have been writing (for two hours when they come) |
Ex. 2. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verb eat.
1. Where’s he? He still ... 2. Next month he ... only vegetables, cereals and fruit for a year. 3. She usually ... very little. 4. What …you ... for dessert? – I haven’t decided yet. 5. She … never ... frogs or snails in her life. 6. He ... for a while when he saw the waiter coming to him. 7. Look, Mum! I ... up the porridge. 8. They still ... when we entered. 9. When we came in, we saw he … already ... his lunch. 10. What … you ... now? 11. Don’t call her at two. She ... 12. .... you ... yet? 13. I ... fish for lunch. It was delicious. 14. I not ... cakes for a long time. 15. She is on a diet. She ... only fruit for the last six days. 16. I’m afraid we ... all the oranges by tomorrow.
Ex. 3. Translate into English using the verb learn.
1. Он учит английский. 2. Он учит английский с прошлого года. 3. Он учил английский в школе. 4. Когда мама пришла, он уже выучил английский. 5. Тише! Он учит английский. 6. Когда мы пришли, он учил английский. 7. Ты выучил английский? 8. Когда-нибудь я выучу английский. 9. Я выучу английский до того, как начнется фильм. 10. Завтра в это время он будет учить английский. 11. Он учил английский пять лет до того, как поехал за границу. 12. Первого сентября будет уже семь лет, как он учит английский.
|
|
|
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action.
The action itself is expressed by the infinitive of the notional verb, which follows the modal verb.
Modal verbs are not ‘complete’ verbs, because:
1. they lack most of the tense forms and don’t have the passive voice
2. there is no – (e)s in the 3d person singular
3. we can’t use them as infinitives
4. we don’t use ‘to’-infinitives after them (except ought)
11. 1. CAN (past form COULD, equivalent BE ABLE TO)
| meaning | examples | commentary | |
| 1 | mental and physical ability | Can you swim? He can speak six languages. He will be able to ride a horse soon. | |
| 2 | possibility due to circumstances | You can get there by bus. Can you come earlier tomorrow? I will be able to meet him next week. | |
| 3 | permission | Can I come in? You can play now. | in informal situations |
| 4 | request | Can you help me? Can you open the window? | |
| 5 | prohibition | You can’t cross the street in the middle of the block. | ‘cannot’ is written as one word |
| 6 | strong doubt or astonishment | Can he know it? (неужели) It cannot be. (не может быть) | in questions and negative sentences |
COULD
| meaning | examples | in Russian | ||
| 1 | could | general ability in the past | He could read when he was 5. | «мог» |
| 2 | was able to were able to | someone managed to do something in the past | Though it was rather dark he was able to read the letter. | «смог» |
| 3 | couldn’t | for either situation | He couldn’t read when he was 5. It was dark and he couldn’t read the letter. | «не мог» и «не смог» |
| 4 | could | suggestion or request | I could come tonight. Could you do me a favour? | «мог бы» |
Ex. 1. Ask all kinds of questions and make the sentences negative.
|
|
|
1. Her son can play chess very well. 2. They could come to our place yesterday. 3. She’ll be able to write her essay tomorrow. 4. We were able to speak to Jim. 5. He has always been able to help us.
Ex. 2. Complete the sentences using could or was/were able to.
1. He asked me to lend him $100. I didn’t have the sum, but I …….. give him $50. 2. The fishing boat sank but fortunately the fisherman …………… swim to the shore. 3. The woman had a shock and …………. describe the thief to the police. She was just crying hysterically. 4. When she was young she …….. dance all night. 5. It was a fine day, so we …………... have a picnic and we enjoyed it very much. 6. He suddenly felt very bad, but he ……………….. finish his speech, although at the end of it he …………. hardly stand. 7. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he …………….. understand the language. 8. He spoke very distinctly and we ………….. understand everything. 9. I got to the station in time and ………………… catch the 9.50 train. I was happy I didn’t need to wait for the next one. 10. She ……….. visit her friends every day before her marriage if she wanted to, but now she has a far busier life. 11. All the town hotels were full, but at last we …………….. find two vacant rooms in a small hotel in the suburb. 12. Before this accident he ……………. work fourteen hours a day if he had to. 13. When the garage had repaired their car they …………… continue their journey. 14. She had a restless night, though she ………………. sleep for an hour before the dawn. 15. He was very strong, he ……………. lift heavy things easily.
|
|
|
11. 2. MAY (past form: MIGHT, equivalent: BE ALLOWED TO)
| meaning | examples | commentary | |
| 1 | permission | May I come in? You may sit down here. He said we might take his car. | more formal than can |
| 2 | uncertain supposition | Where are you going in July? - Well, we may (might) go to Spain. It may (might) rain tomorrow. He may (might) be at home now. | we use might as a synonym of may for the present situation to express higher degree of uncertainty |
| 3 | reproach («мог бы») | You might help me, but you don't. | we use only might |
Note. Mind the difference between the word maybe (=perhaps=может быть)
and the two words may be (modal verb + infinitive = могут быть)
Maybe they will come soon. They may be here soon. They may come soon.
Дата добавления: 2019-03-09; просмотров: 365; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!