We form the passive with the verb TO BE and the PAST PARTICIPLE (done, cleaned, written etc.) of the main verb.
The passive forms are:
| Present Simple | am/is/are + PP The drones are always equipped with sensors. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are being + PP The drones are being equipped with sensors at the moment. |
| Past Simple | was/were + PP The drones were equipped with sensors before the tests. |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + PP The drones were being equipped with sensors when I came to install the cameras. |
| Present Perfect Simple | have/has been + PP The drones have already been equipped with sensors. |
| Past Perfect Simple | had been + PP The drones had been equipped with sensors by the time I came to install the cameras. |
| Future Simple | will be + PP The drones will be equipped with sensors tomorrow. |
| Future Perfect Simple | will have been + PP The drones will have been equipped with sensors by Monday. |
| Present Infinitive | (to) be + PP The drones are going to be equipped with sensors. The data on ultrasound sensors was to be collected by the engineers. |
| Perfect Infinitive | (to) have been + PP The drones would have been equipped with the sensors if we had ordered these sensors from the supplier. There were some problems at first, but they seem to have been solved. |
| -ing forms | being + PP I insist on the drones being equipped with sensors. |
| Modals | modal + be+ PP The drones must be equipped with sensors. |
Only the verbs that take an object can be turned into passive:
The mechanics cleaned the blades. – The blades were cleaned by the mechanics.
BUT:
It is snowing today. OR: The engine runs on petrol.
Object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) become subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) in the passive:
They gave the data to me.
I was given the data.
When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well:
You can rely on this device.
This device can be relied on. OR: The garbage has been sifted through.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
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Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
The imperative
We can use the imperative to give a direct order.
Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.
Stand up straight.
We can use the imperative to give instructions.
Open your book.
Take two tablets every evening.
Take a left and then a right.
We can use the imperative to make an invitation.
Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
We can use the imperative on signs and notices.
Push.
Do not use.
Insert one dollar.
We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.
Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.
We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do':
Do be quiet.
Do come.
Do sit down.
Reported speech
We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.
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He says he wants it.
We think you are right.
I believe he loves her.
Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!
She told me he had asked her to marry him.
I told you she was ill.
We thought he was in Australia.
When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.
He thinks he loves her.
I'll tell her you are coming.
He has said he'll do it.
When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.
You look very nice. ● I told him he looked very nice.
He's working in Siberia now. ● She told me he was working in Siberia now.
Polly has bought a new car. ● She said Polly had bought a new car.
Jo can't come for the weekend. ● She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
Paul called and left a message. ● He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
I'll give you a hand. ● He said he would give me a hand.
However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker.
For example:
"The train doesn't stop here." He said the train doesn't stop here. He said the train didn't stop here.
"I like Sarah." She said she likes Sarah. She said she liked Sarah.
When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.
We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."
I said I didn't want to go.
Bill said he didn't want to go.
We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."
(If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.
(If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.
Now compare these two sentences.
(If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.
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(If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.
VERBALS
A verbal is a verb that acts like a different part of speech. Sometimes verbs will act as the subject of a sentence, an adjective, or as a direct object, so we call these verbs “verbals”. Identifying verbals isn’t hard to do, as long as you’re paying attention to exactly how they are being used in each sentence. Infinitives, gerunds, and participles are all types of verbals.
INFINITIVES
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Infinitives are easy to identify because they’re written with to + a verb: ‘to skate’, to go’, ‘to do’. The tricky thing about infinities is once you spot them, you have to figure out what their function is in the sentence.
| Form | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite | to send | to be sent |
| Continuous | to be sending | - |
| Perfect | to have sent | to have been sent |
| Perfect Continuous | To have been sending | - |
We use the to-infinitive:
To express purpose (to answer “Why…?” (in order to or in order not to):
He bought a driverless car to get to his job.
We set off early in order to avoid the traffic.
· After certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:
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