Глоссарий 1. Drugs. General Information.
1. Лекарственный препарат (2)
2. Вещество
Химическое
Биологическое
3. Происходить из различных источников
4. Получать лекарственный препарат
~ из частей растений
~ из животных
5. Производить лекарственный препарат (3)
6. Синтезировать препарат
7. Выделять препарат
8. Содержать
9. Изготавливать и распространять
10. Название
Химическое ~
Официальное (международное непатентованное) ~
Торговое ~ (3)
11. Заменить препарат
12. Производный от …
13. Рецепт
UNIT 2. DOSAGE FORMS
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The dose is the amount of drug taken at any one time. It can be expressed as the weight of drug (e.g. 250 mg), volume of drug solution (e.g. 10 mL, 2 drops), the number of dosage forms (e.g. 1 capsule, 1 suppository) or some other quantity (e.g. 2 puffs). There are many factors taken into consideration when deciding a dose of drug - including age, health state, etc. Other medicines may also affect the drug dose.
The dosage is the frequency at which the drug doses are given. Examples include 2.5 mL twice a day, one tablet three times a day, one injection every four weeks. Dosage instructions are written on the prescription and on the pharmacy label of a prescribed medicine. Dosage instructions are also found on the packaging and inserts of over-the-counter medicines.
The dosage form is the physical form of a dose of drug. Common dosage forms include tablets, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and patches. Each dosage form may also have a number of specialized forms such as extended-release, buccal, dispersible, and chewable tablets.
The route of administration is the way the dosage form is given. Common routes of administration include oral, rectal, inhalation, nasal and topical.
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Drugs are given in different forms. There are many forms of drugs to suit the needs of the individual patients.
A same drug is made in different forms for ease of administration, pharmacology and patient related factors. For example, pain killers like diclofenac is available as tablet, injection and even ointment.
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Following a different drug formulation available.
Tablets: These are most common forms of drugs available in the market. Tablets may be taken with or without food, on an empty or full stomach, before or after meals. Some of them should be taken with plenty of water. Tablets should not be taken with fruit juice.
Some tablets are taken before bedtime. Some tablets are taken once daily, others – 1-3 times daily or even every 1-2 hours.
Film coated tablets have a filmy, shiny and very smooth coating on their surface. In most cases, they dissolve in the intestine rather than in the stomach.
Enteric coated tablets are designed to bypass the stomach and release the drug in the small intestine.
Capsules: These are similar to tablets in the ease of administration. They have two gelatin shells in which active drug ingredients are packed.
Powders: These are solid dosage forms and are in powder format. They are used for dusting and external applications like on wounds, cuts, skin infection etc.
Solutions: These are very popular formulations. Here the drug is dissolved in a suitable solvent. The advantage is faster on set of action and also better absorption of drug in comparison to tablets. Eg: Oral syrups. eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops etc.
Injections are mostly solution based formulations which are given to unconscious patient or in case emergency. The drug action by this method starts almost immediately.
Ointments: These are semi solid dosage forms. They can be solutions, suspensions or even emulsions but have high viscosity. They are intended for application on skin and other surface by spreading. They are easy to use and have an advantage of local effect to minimize adverse effects of drugs.
Aerosols: These are powder or liquid formulations which are applied by spraying. The formulation is released as gaseous dispersion and so can reach deeper locations like respiratory tract.
Suppositories: These are solid dosage forms which are intended for insertion in the anus. They release drug slowly and good for local action.
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