Read the text for detail. Discuss the following text in the dialogue in class.
We learn of Skopas from literary sources and are told that he was the architect of the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea in the Peloponnese. This building is important in its own right as an innovative example of a Doric temple of the middle years of the 4th century bce.
A number of fragments of its sculptural decoration in the pediments survive. The somewhat damaged heads from these pedimental figures, known as the Tegea heads, reveal a new stylistic current in the 4th century bce. This was the fashion for depicting stressed emotional states by treating facial features in a pronounced way: the inner corner of the eye is deep-set, there is a bulge of the eyebrow over the outer corner of the eye, the forehead is in two planes, the lower of which projects markedly, the cheeks are flat, and the hair is tousled. The power and tension in these heads are undisguised. Skopas, sources say, definitely made the freestanding marble figures that stood beside the cult statue, but we do not know for sure that he made these pedimenlal ones as well. This sculptural style is new and vigorous, and it is distinguishable at other sites where Skopas worked, such as the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos. Some heads there display similar traits to those of the Tegea heads. Skopas also worked on the new Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. So it is clear that this new and different style is widespread and popular and, on the available evidence, it seems logical to ascribe it to Skopas.
The characteristic traits of the style—the squarish skull, the squarish forehead in two planes, the deep-set eyes, bulging brows, open mouth, and the expression of intensity and strain—are found in the statue of the celebrated hunter Meleager, of which some twenty copies are known. The type is identified by the presence of a boar's head next to the figure in several copies: Meleager was one of the leaders in the hunt for the Kalydonian boar. The number of copies argues its popularity among Roman patrons, for whom subject matter and intended placement of a sculpture were major criteria. No literary source mentions a Meleager by Skopas, but the number of copies also suggests a famous Greek original (as with the many copies of the Doryphoros of Polykleitos and its known Greek reputation), and the style of the head is consistent with that of the Tegea heads. The torso of Meleager shows strong modeling, with soft transitions from plane to plane and more abrupt, dearcut musculature, the line of hip clearly demarcated. A slow torsion pulls the left shoulder forward to balance the rightward thrust of the hip and to emphasize the importance of the intermediate view. The ‘full‑frontal’ view of Classical sculpture, still shown in the broad expanse of torso, is now on the wane. It is the intermediate, three-quarter view, shown by the direction of the head's gaze, that co-ordinates movement and brings out the full power of the head.
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Fill in the text with the words from the box. Tell the gist of it .
| Era; type; image; statue; portrait ; copy ; bronze ; face; bodies; appearance; humanly; sculptor; career; look; height; Polykleitos. |
There is an ambiguity of expression in the __, which to some seems to suggest a self-absorbed, faraway __, while to others it appears more determined and __ involved. The Meleager was made close to the end of the Classical __, when the standing nude athletic __ was able to display increasingly varied movements, as well as individualizing traits. Meleager is still an __of a generic powerful hero, not an individualized __. Skopas's original __was probably made around 340 всE. The third great __ of the fourth century BCE was Lysiposs, who was active in the period 336-323 BCE. Less certainly, it seems that his __may have lasted from about 350 to 310 всE. Не preferred to work in __ and advocated a new canon of proportions, already more modestly adopted by Praxiteles. Slenderer __and smaller heads were to give an __ of greater height. A comparison of a __ of the Apoxyomenos (Man Scraping Himself), with a __ of the Doryphoros of Polykleitos makes the point. The Apoxyomenos seems taller, but they are in fact almost the same __.
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