Task 12. Fill in the gaps with suitable words and wordcombinations from the box. Translate the texts into Russian.
Text 1
The Fragmentation of Geopolitical Space:
What Secessionist Movements Mean to the Present-Day State System
| seceding from the state, ethno-political confrontation, international recognition, outbreak of ethnic violence, separatist politics, de factostates, secessionist movements, operate in a grey area, appealing, indigenous peoples, may resort, attain title, Great Powers |
The tendency to fragmentation becomes relevant most notably: a) when effective control is established on part of a sovereign state on behalf of a secessionist community, with the aim of fostering __________________of the new polity; and b) when ___________________– with differing degrees of legitimacy and success – are pursued within the territory of a sovereign state in order to achieve political goals, including the chance of ___________________.
To the first category belong those independent territorial entities – so-called ________________ — which rely on the ‘principle of effectiveness’ to support their claim to sovereign statehood. Especially when patronized (more or less officially) by external actors – and especially by ______________ – de facto states pose a dramatic challenge to the international system, since they ______________of international relations and international law. To the second category belong a great variety of territorially organized sub-state entities (federal/confederal entities, autonomous regions, etc.) and non-state actors (stateless nations, _____________, national and ethnic minorities) which – in different capacities and on various grounds – actively seek to increase their sovereign powers to possibly ______________ over the territory they occupy, most commonly by ______________to the right of self-determination.
While it seems inappropriate to establish a causal relation between secessionism/ separatism and armed conflict or the _______________, as of 2009 secessionism and separatism considered together constitute the second most frequent source of conflict. In plenty of cases secessionism is connected to practices of both terror and terrorism, respectively, on behalf of states –whose institutions tend to dispose of disproportionate military means to crush insurgents – and non-state groups –whose unscrupulous leaders________________ to terrorism as an opportunistic strategy to escalate and internationalize conflicts. Furthermore, since the creation and maintenance of states is always cemented through specific nation-building policies, secessionist/separatist conflicts often arise along dangerous ethno-nationalist fault lines and perpetuate ________________. Finally, the salience of the trend to fragmentation is confirmed not merely by the progressive enlargement of the society of states, but rather by the fact that – in spite of such enlargement – the number of ________________has at the same time remained practically constant.
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Text 2
One Future. One Europe.
A Problem of European Identity? Separatist Movements in the EU
| secession, independence,referendum, peace march, breaking, inclusion, investments, independent, separatist, cultural uniqueness, sub-state regions, distinctive, parliamentary elections, Autonomy, identification, antagonism,European identity, movements, positive nationalism, impassioned, resentment |
Scotland and Catalonia represent two important separatist challenges to their respective nation-states, yet they are also both generally pro-European. How does this apparent contradiction work?
Throughout Europe there are various regions asking for ________ from the larger country to which they are tied. 2014 is an important year for the people of Catalonia and Scotland. A referendum on whether Scotland should be an independent country will take place on 18th September. In November 2012, _________were held in Catalonia, where political parties in favour of separation held 60 per cent of votes. An unprecedented number of voters on the election was seen as a step towards the _________ of Catalonia. In October 2012, almost 1.5 million people took part in a_________ in Catalonia with the motto “Catalonia – the next ________state in Europe”. Politicians in Catalonia demand the right to hold a________ on independence from Spain. On 11th September last year, hundreds of thousands of Catalans held hands in a 400km human chain across their region to press the Spanish government to let them vote on ________ away and form their own country.
Why are these regional ________ demanding secession and gaining strength? Among Spanish regions, Catalonia is leader in global competitiveness and yet is damaged because of its ________in the Spanish state. The fiscal plunder that the Spanish government imposes on Catalonia has risen to 10% of its GDP, amounting to €20 billion extracted in various taxes every year and never returned as ________ or social services. The main concern regarding the economy is that economic crisis has exacerbated local ________ over the fact that Catalonia transfers an estimated 8% to 9% of the region’s GDP to poorer regions of Spain. People of Catalonia tried to solve this problem through a new Statute of ________, but this has failed to solve any real problems.
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Regarding social and political forces, one should mention the increasing ________ between Catalonia and Spain, suggested by a 2009 poll taken by the newspaper El Mundo asking readers if they felt hatredagainst the Catalans. The result was that 56% said yes. One of the key factors driving Catalans to ask for secession is a claim of ________. Support for Catalan independence is based on the thesis, going back to the 19th Century, that Catalonia is a nation having its ________language, culture, traditions and history.
In case of Scotland, many Scots argue that they would be better off as an independent state because of the region’s access to North Sea oil. Currently, about 90% of all British fossil-fuel extraction takes place in or around Scotland. Alex Salmond, the Scottish First Minister and a leading _______, once told Scottish voters that North Sea fossil fuels could provide £300,000 of wealth for every citizen of Scotland. Besides economics, Scotland also has a distinctive cultural tradition within the United Kingdom. As Rabbi Siegel points out, “Language is not an issue” in Scottish nationalism, adding that Scottish nationalism is not an attempt at anti-English nationalism but a ________. This is exemplified in the fact that Scottish nationalists claim they want to keep the British pound sterling, but want greater fiscal autonomy.
In Spain, the national government’s refusal to acknowledge Catalonia’s right to hold a referendum has exacerbated tensions between Madrid and Barcelona and strengthened the popularity of the separatists. In Scotland, the British government of David Cameron has granted the Scottish Parliament the right to hold a legal referendum on independence. However, Mr Cameron has delivered an_______ call to keep the United Kingdom together. He argued on political, economic and military grounds that Scotland is better off as a part of Great Britain. He focused on the importance of the “powerful” United Kingdom brand and its importance for whole world.
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The desire of stateless nations and ________to fully control their own affairs is an observable phenomenon in Europe. Moreover, the attempts by the EU to increase the degree of ________ with Europe among the population have generated controversy among academics. Some scholars have argued that to create the type of identification in Europe that characterizes the nation-state are ideologically questionable. Some stress the idea that regional and national identities set obstacles to the development of a ________ and of support for some kind of ‘federal’ Europe.
Task 13. Read the text and do the following:
1) substitute Russian word combinations in brackets for their English equivalents from the list below;
2) divide the text into thematic parts and provide them with headlines;
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