Task 7. Give synonyms for the words below. Consult the dictionary.
fragmentation, formal institutions, to grant membership, fundamental treaties, to conflate smth with smth, to secure foreign direct investment, political and economic grievances, the international community, to develop a global administrative framework, in accordance with the principle
Task8. Give antonyms for the words below. Consult the dictionary.
secession, autonomy, controversial, to gain benefits, to achieve independence, to feel economically deprived, local communities, unlawful acts
Task 9. Make up five sentences of your own in Russian and five sentences in English using word combinations from Tasks 1-3. Work in pairs: in turn read your sentences for your partner to interpret into English/Russian.
Task 10. Fill in the gaps with prepositions and adverbs from the box below. Translate the texts into Russian.
Text 1
Statehood and State Recognition
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The Montevideo Convention ____ the Rights and Duties of States (1933) lays ____four criteria ____ statehood. These include: (1) a defined territory; (2) a permanent population; (3) a functioning government; and (4) the ability to enter ____ foreign relations. While three of the criteria ____ the Montevideo Convention are ____ straightforward, the final requirement does raise some questions. Does it refer ____ a current ability to enter into foreign relations, or the capacity ____ entering into foreign relations? A political community may have the capacity to enter into foreign relations if it has a functioning government. A current ability to enter into foreign relations ____ requires that a political community have an international legal personality, that is, it must be internationally recognized ____ a state. Can it be that one of the requirements to become a state is prior recognition as a state?
This leads ____ an existing debate ____the nature of state recognition, ____ whether recognition is declaratory or constitutive. According ____ declaratory theory, statehood exists prior ____, and independent ____, recognition. A state exists whether or not it has been recognized. The act of recognition is a formal acknowledgement ____ an established situation. According to constitutive theory, ____ the other hand, the very act of recognition creates statehood. ____other words, declaratory theory is status confirming while constitutive theory is status creating. Both theories have difficulties. As for the declaratory theory, given that there is no supranational authority to determine whether a state exists, the legal consequences of statehood ____ will not exist if no state recognizes that political community as a state. While the constitutive theory of recognition avoids this problem, it runs ____ other obstacles. What happens when a political community is recognized as a state ____ some states and not others? Is it a state or is it not a state? Is there some number of states that is necessary to weight the scale ____ statehood? These problems remain unresolved.
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Text 2
How Scotland's 'No' vote resonates around the world
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Scotland's historic referendum ____ independence has resonated across the world, with many countries watching its outcome ____.
BBC correspondents in Spain, Canada, India, China, Germany and Italy take a look at how Scotland's "No" vote has been received and what it means for the countries they cover.
Spain - Tom Burridge
Catalonia is probablythe place outside of the UK where Scotland's referendum had, and still has, most resonance. The Catalan president, who is expected to get the green light ____ the regional parliament in Barcelona to hold a similar vote, admitted ____ me last week that he wanted a "Yes" in Scotland to prove that there could be a successful referendum ____independence in part of a fellow EU country. Catalonia's Foreign Secretary, Roger Albinyana, told me that he was "not at all disappointed". He is keen to point ____ that David Cameron allowed the Scottish vote. Mariano Rajoy will never give his approval ____ a vote here in Catalonia. And for pro-independence Catalans Scotland was a "democratic success", a nation exercising "their right to vote". However, Catalans who ____ want Catalonia to remain part ____ Spain say the situation here is more complicated than, ____ the words of one activist, a "black-and-white, yes-no" decision.
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Canada - Lee Carter
The victory for the "No" vote will please many of Canada's editorial writers, most of whom came down ____ on the side of Scotland staying with the union. As the vote got closer, many other stories were ____ shoved ____ by major TV news networks, which had correspondents on the ground in Scotland providing minute-by-minute results. The interest was not surprising.
____five million Canadians identify themselves as Scottish. And Scots have had a huge impact ____ Canadian culture and history. Many of those who migrated ____ Nova Scotia (New Scotland) did so because they were forced ____ their land. Opinion in some of the communities there tilted ____ the Yes campaign.
The Scottish debate seemed to have much more traction in the French-speaking province of Quebec. Referendums ____ separation from Canada were twice held there (1980 and 1995) and twice rejected, albeit by an____ narrow margin in 1995.
India - Andrew North
India's foreign minister didn't know Scotland was considering divorce, until an aide whispered in her ear. A more pressing concern for some Indians was what it meant for the price of Scotch. There's also been some schadenfreude in the air, watching their former colonial master prepare to "partition" itself. For many, the idea that the UK was about to give ____ some of its territory ____ - and because the British prime minister himself had allowed a vote - was hard to comprehend.
And if the Scots had voted "Yes", it would have set an uncomfortable precedent in Kashmir. India has never carried ____ its 1948 promise to hold a referendum there, and Kashmiris were quick to make the comparison ____ the Scots getting a vote.
So it's not surprising Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj's initial reaction ____ the idea the UK could break ____ was "God forbid". It would have just made things too complicated.
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China - Martin Patience
China's official reaction ____ the referendum's result was "no comment" because it was an internal matter for the UK. But____ the run-up ____ the vote, Premier Li Keqiang stressed that he wanted to see a "united" United Kingdom. ____at least, China's leaders will welcome the "No" vote.
They will have worried that an independent Scotland may have inspired China's own minorities in Tibet and Xinjiang - and given those in Hong Kong and Taiwan new ideas. The narrative of the ruling Communist party is of a strong, unified China rising in the world. Any talk ____ separation or independence is crushed by force here.
With that in mind, many Chinese were astonished that London allowed the referendum to go ____ - never mind that it would allow the UK to split ____. Throughout the campaign, state media ran articles about how "too much democracy" had led to "instability" in the UK. The message ____ Chinese readers was clear: China needs to stick ____ - otherwise it is inviting chaos.
Germany - Jenny Hill
"Scotland stays British!" proclaims Germany's most popular newspaper. For Bild, like every other paper and TV news programme here, there is only one top story this morning - and ____ the whole only one response. "I'm ____relieved," said one politician. "It prevents further fragmentation of Europe."
The government agrees - though the official line is less exuberant. "We have always respected the fact that this referendum was called and that the central government in London agreed ____ this. And now we respect the outcome of it as well," said Angela Merkel.
Italy - David Willey
The final result of Scotland's independence referendum missed the early editions of Italy's morning papers, but Italian shares hit new two-year highs ____ the opening of Milan's stock exchange. The "spread" ____ the price of Italian and German 10-year treasury euro bonds hit a three-year low - signifying increased confidence ____ Italy's financial credibility.
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Italy's Northern League separatist party, which dreams of setting ____ a republic called Padania in the Po River Valley, is currently ____ the doldrums after losing ____ at the last elections. Meanwhile a nascent movement ____ the independence of Venice, in times past a powerful European nation-state, is not taken____ in Rome.
Task 11. Out of two or three italicized words choose the one which fits in the context. Discuss the legal aspects of secession. Use the following questions to help you:
1) What is the role of referenda?
2) Are referenda necessarily held in the case of secession?
3) Should the admissibility of referenda be mentioned in the national constitution?
4) Why is the referendum in Crimea not recognized by the US and European countries?
The core question of whether a part of a country has a right to secede is rooted in the contradiction between the self-determination right of nations and the territorial integrity/unity/unification of states. Both of these principles are part of the UN Charter; however, interpretations differ. In practice, the following principles apply in dealing with secessionist movements: amicable, peaceful separations are respected as a matter of principle. On the other hand, one-way/unilateral/single declarations of independence without the consent/permission of the remaining state are only considered legitimate/legal in exceptional situations, in particular, in cases where a colonial state/status is ended. Beyond this, though, there is no right to secession. If a majority in one part of a country demands more rights by democratic means, however, the government in question may be regarded as having anliability/obligation to deal with the matter politically.
In Europe after 1989, new states were created in Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia were dissolved. A separation took place in 2006, when Montenegro separated from Serbia and Montenegro. In this case, the option of a referendum was included/involved in the constitution. When it comes to the admissibility of referenda, the national constitutions are a crucial factor. In Spain, for instance, regional referenda are explicitly ruled out in the constitution. The population/peoplemay only be consulted at the national level.
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