The category of mood in ME. The imperative mood.
The category of mood - the most controversial. It shows the relation of the nominative content of the sentence towards reality.
The action can be presented as: real, non-real, desirable, recommended etc. In traditional approach there are indicative mood (изъявительное – the meaning of fact), imperative mood (the meaning of urge), the subjunctive mood (the meaning of potenciality - предположительность, возможность).
the imperative mood - syntactic form.
The category of mood includes the same forms which express different meanings and one and the same meaning can be expressed by different forms.
Blokh`s classification on the basis 0f their structure and function:
1) pure spective mood (Subj-ve I)=the imperative mood (mood of attitude - consideration, desideration, inducement)
2) stipulative conditional mood (Subj-ve II) – unreal consequence
3) modal spective (subjunctive IV) – consideration, desideration, inducement
4) Consective conditional (subjunctive III) - unreal consequence
The forms of imperative mood are mostly syntactical, the forms of subjunctive mood are mostly analytical.
The imperative mood expresses commands, requests, orders…, used for the 2nd person. In connection with this mood there arises the problem of the construction “let him do it”. Some grammarians consider it to be an analytical form of the imperative mood. The word “let” is used here in its weakest lexical meaning. On the other hand, some other grammarians are of the opinion that it’s too early to consider this construction as an analytical form, because the word “let” still preserves its lexical meaning and it’s more correct to regard this combination as a free word combination that is equivalent in meaning to the imperative mood.
Means of expressing modality in ME.
The verbal category of mood is closely connected with a broader linguistic category of modality. The general meaning can be expressed in the following way:
Modality expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker’s point of view.
In any language there exists various means of expressing modality. In English we have the following three main means:
1) Lexical (with the help of modal words and phrases of the type “perhaps, probably,surely”)
2) Lexico-syntectical (with the help of the constructions of the type: “a modal verb+infinitive, e.g.:can do, may write”)
3) Morphological (with the help of various verbal forms, thus we can define the category of mood as expressing modality, i.e. reality or unreality of action by a system of verbal forms).
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Difficulties of the classification of the Oblique moods.
Subjunctive (oblique) mood expresses various degrees of unreal, suppositional, problematic actions. The problem of oblique mood in English grammar is one of the most dispute and controversial. This concerns the number of oblique moods. Different grammarians suggest from 2 to 16 oblique moods. Their opinions are not similar because of different understanding of the essence of the category of mood. That’s why grammarians approach the problem of classification of moods from different points of view. Some grammarians overestimate the meaning of some forms and others think they are not very important. Most oblique moods coincide in their form with various verbal forms of the indicative mood. That’s why we can speak about the problem of polysemy and homonymy of oblique moods. Oblique moods appear to be closely connected with one more problem: the problem of analytical form and free-word combinations.
The problem of the system of the Oblique moods.
The problem of classification of the oblique moods is closely connected with the problem of their number and grammatical peculiarities. Nowadays there are many systems of oblique mood. From the point of view of traditional English grammarians (Sweet and Jespersen) there is a polysemy of gram.forms: e.g.: I knew his address. I wish I knew his address.
The consider the word “knew” to be one and the same grammatical form, but polysemantic. In the 1st sentence “knew” expresses the Past Ind. form of the Inducative mood, and in the 2nd – it’s used to express modal idea. Jespersen called it as imaginative use of the past tense. Sweet calls it a shift of tenses. However it’s quite evident that the difference between the words is not of temporal character. The difference lies in the character of relations of these forms to reality. In the 1st sentence the word “knew” denotes a statement of the real fact in the past and in the 2nd – indicates an unreal action of a situation in the present. The difference between these two words is of a modal character. And those grammarians who share this point of view generally mention no more than two oblique moods.
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The category of voice.
Expresses the relation between the subject and the action or the relation between the subject and the object (Ильиш).
The 1st problem – the problem of the number of voices. The vast majority of grammarians recognize 2 voices: active and passive. Others – 3 more voices: 1) reflexive (возвр.): He dressed himself. 2) reciprocal (взаимн.): They greeted each other. 3) middle: The door opened.
The category of active and passive voices is a category that dwells on the opposition of active and passive forms.
-the direction of an action in respect of the subject - направление действия по отношению к субъекту. If the agent of the action is the subject = > active voice, if the action is directed upon agent, agent and the subject of the sentence are different => passive voice.
The form of the passive voice is analytical. Types of passive constructions:
1) a 2-member passive construction - The picture is painted - нет субъекта действия
2) 3-member passive construction (emotional, the doer is emphasised)- The picture is painted BY this famous artist.
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