Various passive constructions.
Types of passive constructions:
1) a 2-member passive construction - The picture is painted - нет су бъекта действия
2) 3-member passive construction (emotional, the doer is emphasised)- The picture is painted BY this famous artist.
Professor Barkhudarov writes about various cases of discrepancy (несоотв-е) between form and meaning and various relations between an action and its subject and object. He suggests a theory which is based on the theory of opposition. According to this theory we have non-passive and passive constructions. Non-passive – unmarked, passive – marked. Non-passive constructions may have active meaning (He opened the door), reflexive (He dressed himself), reciprocal (They greeted each other). As to passive, they have one construction and one meaning.
Reasons for the extensive use of passive constructions in ME.
- no indefinite-personal sentences, impersonal (смеркалось, обложило) sentences, but “one, we, you, they, people”
- a great number of verbs taking direct objects (нет возвратных глаголов) the direct objects become the subject of the passive construction
- passive constructions with indirect and prepositional objects as subjects
Various interpretations of Continuous forms.
The category of aspect reflects the inherent mode of the realization of the process irrespective of the timing. The opposition of:
- Continuous aspect (the meaning of duration)
- Non-continuous aspect
The continuous form is the strong, marked member. It presents an action as going on continuously during a given period of time or at a certain moment.
The non-continuous (common) aspect form denotes an action as not limited.
Other interpretations of the meaning of the continuous form:
1) Jespersen treated the form of the type “is doing” as a means of expressing an action which serves as a frame for another action.
2) A somewhat similar view has been put forward by the professor Иртеньева who thinks that the basic meaning of the type “is doing” is that of the simultaneity of an action with another action. This interpretation seems to be acceptable only for some cases: e.g.: when there’s a complex sentence and in one clause we find the word “did” and in the other – the form “was doing”.
3) Another view is held by prof. Ivanova. She treats the problem of continuous forms in peculiar way: the form “is doing” is to be regarded as a tense aspect form and the form “does” is not an aspect form at all because its aspect meaning is rather vague and cannot be clearly defined. That’s why this form is to be analyzed as a purely tense form. By such consideration prof. Ivanova comes to the conclusion that the category of aspect as a separate category doesn’t exist in ME.
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Various classifications of forms expressing unreality.
Oblique mood meaning, i.e. those of unreality makes up the strong member of opposition.
"Analytical" oblique formations ("conditional", "suppositional") and the "synthetical" oblique formations ("subjunctive one", "subjunctive two")
The subjunctive, the integral mood of unreality, presents the two sets of forms according to the structural division of verbal tenses into the present and the past. These form-sets constitute the two corresponding functional subsystems of the subjunctive, namely, the spective (the mood of attitudes), and the conditional (the mood of appraising causal-conditional relations of processes). Each of these, in its turn, falls into two systemic sub-sets, so that on the immediately working level of presentation we have the four subjunctive form-types identified on the basis of the strict correlation between their structure and their function: the pure spective, the modal spective, the stipulative conditional, the consective conditional. The non-modal forms of the subjunctive can be called, respectively, subjunctive one (spective), subjunctive two (stipulative), subjunctive three (consective); against this background, the modal spective can simply be referred to as the modal subjunctive, which will exactly correspond to its functional nature in distinction to the three "pure" subjunctive forms.
Prof-r Smirnitsky’s system of oblique moods:
1) Conditional mood (should do, would do, should have done…)
2) Subjunctive II (knew, have known, were, had been)
3) Suppositional (should do, should have done)
4) Subjunctive I (the infinitive without “to”)
Prof-r Хлебникова: The conjunctive expressing unreality is represented by 2 types: subjunctive, conditional.
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