Perception Attribution Theory
Management : Unit 5
Individual behavior in organization and how to manage it
Behavior- the actions of people
Organizational behavior – the study of people actions within organization
Managers want employees:
• Work hard.
• Exhibit good attitudes
• Get along with all customers and coworkers
Burger. 2004: "Personality can be defined as consistent behaviour patterns and interpersonal processes originating within the individual.”
Allport, 1961: "Personality is the dynamic organization, within the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings”.
Approaches to Personality
• Trait approach
• Psychodynamic approach
• Humanistic approach
• Situational approach
Trait approach:
What is a trait?
· "relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way" (Schacter et al., 2012, p. 493)
· Gordon Allport (1937)-personality can be understood as combination of traits
· Are the personalities of tie two people, one with a tidy desk one with an untidy one, likely to be different?
· Trait theorists include Galton, Allport, Cattell, Eysenck and Costa & McCrae
Cattell's Trait Theory
Cattell also adopted a trait approach to personality but believed that more than 2 or 3 dimensions were needed to create a whole picture of personality.
He developed a personality profile that measured 16 personality factors (16PF Questionnaire, 1965).
· Personality characteristics are relatively stable.
· Traits show stability over time.
· Aims to find the basic "structure of personality.
· Aims to find ways of measuring personality.
Psychodynamic approach
• Unconscious
• Internal conflicts
• The dynamic of the conflict through the personality development
§ Unconscious drives/ forces within the person (develop during childhood)
§ The tripartite personality
§ Psychoanalysis (AKA psychotherapy)
Begins with roots of individual in family
Humanistic approach
§ Very similar to the psychodynamic approach.
§ The humanistic approach focus on the internal thought process of the mind to explain dreaming;
§ Dreaming is about the self and always has to do with the individual having them. The individual will be present in the dream in some way or form.
§ The humanistic approach leans towards the self and how the self deals with external environments and stimuli.
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Self exploration -> Self acceptance -> Self change
Situational approach
• Role of social learning
• Modeling and reinforcement
1. Explain. Why employees engaging in some behaviors rather than others
2. Predict. How to employees will respond to various actions and decisions
3. Influence. How employees behave
Bandura's Situational Approach
Bandura believes that we learn through 2 different types of experience- modelling and reinforcement.
As we grow up we observe what other people do and imitate it (modelling).
If we are rewarded (reinforcement) when we do something, we are likely to do it again.
Organizational Behavior is connected with
• Employee productivity
• Absenteeism
• Turnover
• Organizational citizen behavior
• Job satisfaction
• Workplace misbehavior
Focus on organizational behavior
Organizational behavior focuses on three major areas:
1. Individual behavior including attitudes, personality, perception, learning, and motivation.
2. Group Behavior including norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflict.
3. Organizational aspects including structure, culture and human resource policies and practices.
Helping others on one's team
Volunteering for extended job actions
Avoiding unnecessary conflicts
Making constructive structure about the work group of organization
ATTITUDES
It is made up of three components:
· Cognition
· Affect
· Behavior
Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction affects:
• Job involvement
• Organizational commitment
• Perceived organizational support
Cognitive dissonance theory
There are three basic ways we try to reduce cognitive dissonance:
· By changing our behavior to bring it in line with the dissonant cognition
· By attempting to justify our behavior though changing one of the dissonant cognitions.
· By attempting to justify our behavior by adding new cognitions.
Here are some sample statements from an employee attitude survey:
I have ample opportunities to use my skills/abilities in my job.
My manager has a good relationship with my work group.
My organization provides me professional development opportunities.
I am told if I'm doing good work or not.
I feel safe in my work environment. My organization is a great place to work.
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MBTI
Classifies individuals as exhibiting a preference in four categories:
1. Extraversion or introversion (E or l)
2. Sensing or intuition (S or N)
3. Thinking or feeling (T or F)
4. Judging or perceiving (J or P)
Type: I-S-F-P (introversion, sensing. feeling, perceiving)
Description: Sensitive, kind, modest, shy, and quietly friendly. Such people strongly dislike disagreements and will avoid them. They are loyal followers and quite often are relaxed about getting things done.
Type: E-N-T-J (extraversion, intuition, thinking, judging)
Description: Warm, friendly, candid, and decisive; also skilled in anything that requires reasoning and intelligent talk, but may sometimes overestimate what they are capable of doing.
Big 5 personalities
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Emotional stability
- Openness to experience
Emotional intelligence (EI)
Five dimensions of EI
Empathy: Pespect and Honor Other Emotions
Social Awareness: Listen and Accept Others Emotions
Self-Management: Respect and Honor My Emotions
Self-Awareness: Listen and Accept my Emotions
Perception Attribution Theory
· Trying to make of another’s behavior, a person typically makes one of two inferences:
-(1) the behavior was caused by the individual’s personal thoughts (internal attrivutions)
-(2) it was provoked by someone else (external attribution)
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