Encourage group cohesiveness –
v Make the group smaller
v Encourage agreement with group goals
v Increase the time spend together
v Increase the status of the group and perceived difficulties of attaining competition with other group
v Stimulate competition with other group
v Give rewards to the groups rather than individual
v Physically isolate the group
Group decision making, Group VS Individual
Strength
v Generate more complete information and knowledge
v Increased diversity of views
v Higher-quality decisions
v Acceptance of solution
Weaknesses
· Time consuming
· Conformity pressures in groups
· Dominated by one or a few members
· Ambiguous responsibility
Group decision making techniques:
§ Interacting Groups - typical groups, in which members interact with each other face-to-face (rely on both verbal and nonverbal communication)
§ Brainstorming – an idea-generation process that specially encourages any and all alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.
§ Electronic Meeting – a meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggregation of votes
Group Shift
§ A change in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual decision that members within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk
§ Greater risk can be taken because even if the decision fails, no one member can be held wholly responsible
Groupthink is a phenomenon where people tend to conform with group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to errors in decision making.
Group and Work team
Work team – a group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
Effective team
• The team understands the goals and is committed to achieving them
• Trust replaces fear and people feel comfortable taking risks
• Respects, collaboration, and open-mindeness are relevant
• Team members communicate readily, diversity of opinion is encouraged
• Decisions are made by consensus and have acceptance and support of team remembers
What is an effective team member?
- Take responsibility for the success of the team
- Be a person who drives on commitments
- Be a contributor to discussions
- Give your full attention to whoever is speaking and demonstrate this by asking helpful questions
- Develop techniques for getting your message across to the team (speak aloud in clear voice)
- Learn to give and receive useful feedback
Problems In team
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} Lack of respect within members
} Tends to intimate
} Confrontation high level
} Personality type domination
} Talk, but not listen
} Not communicate effectively
} Disagreement
A role is a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to the one who occupies the position demanded by the social unit.
Group roles are divided into three types:
• Task-oriented Roles
• Relationship-oriented Roles
• Individual Roles
Task oriented roles allotted to individuals according to their work and eligibility is known as task-oriented roles.
• Initiator
• Informer
• Clarifier
• Summarizer
• Reality Tester
• Information seekers or providers
Relationship-oriented:
• Harmonizers
• Gatekeeper
• Consensus Tester
• Encourager
• Compromiser
Individual Roles that classify a person according to the measure of individual effort put in the project aimed is known as individual roles.
• Aggressor
• Blocker
• Dominator
• Cavalier
• Avoidance
Problem definition: 1) Can define problem more clearly 2) Can visualize it from different perspectives
Data collection: Are able to collect more data
Developing alternatives: Can develop more alternatives
Evaluating and selecting alternatives: 1) Discussion can produce more positive solutions of a problem; 2) Use more objective criteria in selecting right alternative
Implementing the solution: Can define roles of each member in implementing the solution og the problem
Unit 7: Leadership
Socrates and Plato are gurus of leadership and management.
In this transforming world, leadership not only has solutions for firms and individual people but also furnish solutions to nations, sectors, and regions.
· Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals
· Good leadership is necessary for organization`s survival
Leadership:
· Leading People
· Influencing People
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· Commanding People
· Guiding People
| Manager qualities | Leader qualities |
| Mind | Soul |
| Rational | Visionary |
| Consulting | Passionate |
| Persistent | Creative |
| Problem solving | Flexible |
| Structured | Inspiring |
| Deliberate | Innovative |
| Authoritative | Experimental |
| Stabilizing | Initiate change |
| Position power | Personal Power |
1. Leader must have followers
2. It is working relationship between leader and followers
3. Purpose is to achieve some common goal or goals
4. A leader influences his followers willingly not by force
5. Leadership is exercised in a given situation
6. Leadership is a power relationship
7. It is a continuous process
Leadership:
Setting Goals
2. Motivating Employees
3. Building morale
4. Creating Confidence
5. Discipline
6. Developing Team-work
7. Facilitates Change
8. Representing the group
Leadership traits:
Intelligence
Personality
Physical
Level 1: Highly capable Individual
Makes productive contributions through talent, knowledge, skills, and good work habits.
Level 2: Contributing Team Member
Contributes individual capabilities to the achievement of group objectives and works effectively with others in a group setting.
Level 3: Competent Manager
Organizes people and resources toward the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives.
Level 4: Effective Leader
Catalyzes commitment to and vigorous pursuit of a clear and compelling vision, stimulating higher performance standards.
Level 5: Level 5 Executive
Build enduring greatness through a paradoxical blend of personal humility and professional will.
Leadership Trait theory:
• Minimizing personal ambitions
• Consensual and collaborative process
• Develop relationships
• Help the others to be more effective
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