ENGINEERING AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES
Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
| design chemical analysis branches expensive products |
Chemical Engineering developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created. The role of the (1) __________ engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.
Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft (2) __________. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other (3) __________ of engineering. Aerospace engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design. This includes the design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.
Forensic Engineering is the study of failed (4) __________ . It can help the product designer in evaluating his or her design in the light of real conditions. The discipline is of greatest value after disasters, such as bridge collapses, when careful (5) __________ is needed to establish the cause or causes of the failure.
Computer Engineering plays an increasingly important role in our modern world. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (Computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods. One of the most widely used tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software which enables engineers to create 3D models. CAD allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make (6) __________ physical prototypes.
There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) software, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) software, Manufacturing Process Management (MPM) software and others. In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).
| body engineer human development solutions biological |
Medical and Biological Engineering deals with study of the human (7) __________. Medicine aims to sustain, enhance and even replace functions of the (8) __________ body, if necessary, through the use of technology. Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as implants. The fields of Bionics and medical Bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.
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Some engineering disciplines view the human body as a (9) __________ machine. This has led to fields such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and robotics.
Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using Engineering methods. The heart for example functions much like a pump, the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers, the brain produces electrical signals etc. These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of Engineering principles in Medicine, led to the development of the field of biomedical engineering that uses concepts developed in both disciplines.
Both fields provide (10) __________ to real world problems.
Art Engineering includes architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design. The Art Institute of Chicago, for instance, held an exhibition about the art of NASA's aerospace design. Robert Maillart's bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic. At the University of South Florida, an engineering professor, through a grant with the National Science Foundation, has developed a course that connects art and engineering. Among famous historical figures Leonardo Da Vinci is a well known Renaissance artist and (11) __________ , and a prime example of the connection between art and engineering.
Social Engineering.By its very nature engineering is closely connected with society and human behavior. Every product or construction used by modern society will have been influenced by engineering design. Engineering design is a very powerful tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a great responsibility. Most of engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large.
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Engineering is a key driver of human (12) __________ . Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.
Today there are a lot of charitable organizations which aim is to use engineering directly for the good of mankind. Among these organizations are the following ones: Engineers Without Borders, Engineers Against Poverty, Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief, Engineers for a Sustainable World.
Political Engineering deals with forming political structures using engineering methodology and political science principles.
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
Read the following text and answer the questions below:
1) Is there any difference between an engineer and a scientist?
2) What is the way that connects engineering and science?
3) What is common about engineering and science?
4) When may an engineer become a scientist?
5) What is the main difference between engineering and science?
“Scientists study the world as it is;
engineers create the world that has never been.”
Theodore von Kármán
There exists a specific connection between the sciences and engineering practice. In engineering, people apply science. Both areas - science and engineering - rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.
Scientists must interpret their observations and make recommendations for practical action. Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. On the other hand, in the process of developing technology engineers sometimes explore new phenomena and become scientists themselves.
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In the book What Engineers Know and How They Know It, Walter Vincenti says that engineering research differs from scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic physics and/or chemistry are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner. Examples are the use of numerical approximations to the Navier-Stokes equations to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of Miner's rule to calculate fatigue damage. Second, engineering research employs many semi-empirical methods that are too far from pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.
As stated in the revision to the classic engineering text, Foundations of Solid Mechanics: "Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what is existing. Since a design has to be concrete, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristic numbers. Almost all engineers working on new designs find that they do not have all the needed information. Most often, they are limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they study mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics. Often they have to add to the sciences relevant to their profession. Thus, engineering sciences are born."
Part III
(… адрес интернет - странички с видеороликами …)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(02:12)
PRE-LISTENING
1. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words:
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“hydraulic”, “principle”, “be involved into”, “supervision”, “schedule”, “to run a business” (=to manage, to control), “timetable”, “to complete”, “completion”.
2. What are the main three areas that Engineering can be broadly divided into?
3. Can these areas be divided again into sub-disciplines? Yes or No?
4. What does Civil Engineering deal with?
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the parts of the video-track and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 01:03
5. Who and what is the speaker?
6. How many sub-disciplines does he mention?
7. What are they?
01:04 – end
8. What principles are used to create a design?
9. What activities are engineers involved into during their everyday life?
POST-LISTENING
10. Summarize the information of the video-track by filling each gap with a suitable word:
| The speaker is (1) __________ Haritos, who is an Associated (2) __________ of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He speaks about (3) __________ __________. Civil Engineering can be divided into (4) __________ sub-disciplines – (5) __________ engineering (deals with soil and rock), (6) __________ engineering (deals with structures – bridges, dams), (7) __________ engineering (deals with water), (8) __________ engineering (deals with roads, ports, harbors, airports). To create a design two main kinds of principles are used – principles of (9) __________ and principles of (10) __________ . Engineers are usually involved into different kinds of activities during their everyday life. They (11) __________ , make schedules and (12) __________, run the constructions, manage the completion of a construction and its budget. |
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(03: 1 0)
PRE-LISTENING
1. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words:
“application”, “broad” (field), “to encompass” (=to include), “power” “optic communication”, “to simplify”(=to make something easier to use), “to contribute”, light bulb”, “smoke-alarm”, “drought”, “age” – “aging”, “gadget”.
2. What does Electrical Engineering deal with?
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the parts of the video-track and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 00:36
3. Who and what is the speaker?
4. What does Electrical Engineering deal with?
5. How often do we meet electrical problems?
00:37 – 00:48
6. Is Electrical Engineering a broad field?
7. What sub-fields does Electrical Engineering encompass?
00:49 – 01:17
8. How does Electrical Engineering contribute to our society nowadays?
01:17 – 01:40
9. Do Electrical engineers work alone or solve problems together with engineers from other fields?
10. What are the problems of today that Electrical engineers have already started to solve?
01:41 – 02:00
11. What is the problem in Australia today?
12. How do Electrical engineers solve this problem?
02:31 – end
13. Do Electrical engineers design goods for old people?
14. What do they design?
POST-LISTENING
15. Summarize the answers to the video and make your own text on the topic of Electrical Engineering.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(03:29)
PRE-LISTENING
1. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words: “aim”, “ability”, “to equip”, “a graduate”.
2. What does Mechanical Engineering deal with?
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the parts of the video-track and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 00:39
3. Who and what is the speaker?
4. What does Mechanical Engineering deal with?
00:40 – 01:36
5. What are the sub-disciplines of Mechanical Engineering that are mentioned in the video-track?
6. Do Mechanical engineers work alone or together with engineers from other fields?
7. How often do Mechanical engineers solve problems?
01:37 – 02:32
8. What is the aim of teaching the discipline of Mechanical Engineering?
02:33 – 03:29
9. Where can the graduates with a degree in the Mechanical Engineering work?
POST-LISTENING
10. Summarize the answers to the video and make your own text on the topic of Mechanical Engineering.
MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICE
Part I
SECTION A
1. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:
| 1. Is it indoors or outdoors? 2. What kind of room is this? 3. What are the people on the picture? 4. Do you think they are just students or they work and study to improve education? Why? 5. What kind of a lesson is it? Why? 6. Do you think they are interested in this lecture? Why? 7. Do you think this lecture covers technical aspects? | 
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