Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
“ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section.
Part II
MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING
Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
| Civil divided buildings types chemical Electrical discipline roads telecommunications areas engineering engines systems Mechanical |
Engineering is a broad (1) __________ which is often (2) __________ into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern different (3) __________ of engineering work. Although an engineer will be trained in a specific discipline, during an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined and work in several areas. Historically the main branches (or (4) __________ ) of Engineering are categorized as follows:
- (5) __________ engineering - The design and construction of public and private works - (6)__________ , railways, water supply, bridges and (7) __________ .
- (8) __________ engineering - a very broad area that may include the design and study of various electrical & electronic (9) __________ , such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, (10) __________ .
- (11) __________ engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as (12) __________ , powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
Also, nowadays there are some other small sub-branches such as: aerospace engineering, (13) __________ engineering, computer engineering, medical (14) __________ , biological engineering, art engineering and many others.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
| buildings bridges companies discipline engineering design engineer |
First the term “engineering” referred only to construction of military objects. Later, as the design of civilian structures such as (1) __________ and buildings became a technical discipline, the term ‘civil engineering ’ entered the lexicon. This was done to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.
Civil engineering is a professional engineering (2) __________ that deals with the (3) __________, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including bridges, roads, canals, dams and (4) __________ . Civil (5) __________ is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international (6) __________ .
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A civil (7) __________ (in English usage) is a person who practices civil engineering. Originally a civil engineer worked on public works projects and was contrasted with the military engineer, who worked on armaments and defenses.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
| Mechanics engineer Kinematics combination Engineering skills Thermodynamics field |
The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish (1) __________ James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical (2) __________ . The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.
The (3) __________ of mechanical engineering is a collection of many mechanical sub-disciplines. Some of these sub-disciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a (4) __________ of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses (5) __________ and techniques from several of these sub-disciplines. Among these sub-disciplines are:
- (6) __________ (the study of forces),
- (7) __________ (the study of the motion of objects),
- Mechatronics and Robotics (the creation of hybrid systems),
- (8) __________ (the study of energy),
- Drafting or Technical Drawing (the creation of instructions for manufacturing parts),
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- Structural Analysis (the study of why and how objects fail and how to make them safe),
- etc.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:
| engineers Power 1872 Electronic Signal Processing Electronics Control Engineering Microelectronics |
Electrical engineering appeared in the 19th century with the invention of the electric motor in (1) __________ . The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of (2)__________. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of Electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other Engineering specialty.
The modern Electrical (3) __________ covers a range of subtopics. The most popular sub-disciplines are:
- (4) __________ Engineering (deals with the generation, transmission, distribution of electricity),
- (5) __________ Engineering (focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of controllers),
- (6) __________ Engineering (involves the design and testing of electronic circuits),
- (7) __________ (deals with the design of small electronic circuit components),
- (8) __________ Engineering (deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals),
- Telecommunications (focuses on the transmission of information across a channel),
- Instrumentation Engineering (deals with the design of devices and tools),
-etc.
Usually electrical (9) __________ focus on one of these sub-disciplines, but sometimes they deal with a combination of them.
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