Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение
Points for discussion :
1. Types of sentences according to the types of communication.
2. Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.
Задания
Exercises:
Exercise 1. Analyze sentences according to the types of communication.
1. Ireland is often called the “Emerald Isle” because of its lush green countryside.
2. What’s the best way to learn a foreign language?
3. Respect other people’s customs when you travel.
4. Example is the only way of educating.
5. Get out of the car right now!
6. Would you give him my message, please?
7. You are forgetting yourself!
8. Curiosity is the beginning of knowledge.
9. What a beautiful sunset it is!
10. Finish your work, please.
Exercise 2. Construct a declarative, an interrogative, an imperative or an exclamatory sentence.
an interesting book (excl.)
my friend’s address (inter.)
Peter’s library (decl.)
a map of the United States (imper.)
a small island (excl.)
mountains of Great Britain (decl.)
Shakespeare’s birthplace (inter.)
an exciting thriller (excl.)
a different example (imper.)
the capital of the Republic of Ireland (inter.)
an inexpensive way of travel (decl.)
a strange remark (excl.)
a good time (imper.)
Exercise 3. Different types of fronting.
What kinds of fronting are illustrated in the examples below? For each example, choose one item from the clause list:
| fronting | clause |
| a) of object clause | 1) in an independent declarative clause |
| b) of predicative | 2) in an exclamatory |
| c) of non-finite construction | 3) in a dependent adverbial |
1. A more general treatment is possible using the method of Markoff. This we shall now describe, following the account of Chandrasekhar.
2. All-wise Khrishna may be, but you wouldn’t buy a used chariot from him.
3. The prejudices remained beneath the surface of benignity, waiting for some unwary blunder on my part to crack the surface and let them burst through.
4. Such a blunder I’d now committed.
5. Such a sure hand my son has with his people!
6. What a gullible lot we are.
7. Brave though he is in facing adult audiences, the result is a bit of a cringe.
Рекомендуемая литература
Основная литература:
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1. Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка : [учеб. пособие для студ. филол. фак-тов и фак-тов иностранных языков вузов] / Худяков Андрей Александрович. - 3-е изд., стер. - М. : Академия , 2012. - 255 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Библиогр.: с. 219-224. - Терминол. указ.: с. 245-250. - На обл.: Языкознание. - ISBN 978-5-7695-6145-0 : 391-60.
2. Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M., 2000. – p.6-26.
3. Блох М.Я. Теоретические основы грамматики – М., Высшая школа 2010.
Дополнительная литература:
1. Арутюнова Н.Д. Предложение и его смысл: логико-семантические проблемы. – М., 2000.
2. Слюсарева Н.А. Проблемы функционального синтаксиса современного английского языка. – М., 1981.
3. Бархударов Л.С. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. - М., 1982.
Интернет-ресурсы:
1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms глоссарий, содержащий более 900 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-grammar-1692541 информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам теоретической грамматики
3. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам грамматики
Практическая работа №11
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Тема “ The problem of sentence types” / Part 2
Цель: рассмотреть понятия compound nominal predicate, compound verbal predicate, aspectual predicate, simple predicate, inversion, сформировать навыки идентификации различных типов предложений в тексте в соответствии с коммуникативной целью.
Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить понятия compound nominal predicate , compound verbal predicate , aspectual predicate , simple predicate, а также основные принципы структурных типов и классификаций предложений, уметь идентифицировать основные типы предложения.
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК–3.
Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках формируются навыки идентификации различных типов предложений в тексте в соответствии с коммуникативной целью.
Теоретическая часть
The principal parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.
The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part is grammatically dependent. The subject can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea. The subject can be expressed by a single word or a group of words: a noun in the common case; a pronoun – personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative; a substantivized adjective or participle; a numeral; an infinitive phrase or construction; a gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction; any part of speech used as a quotation; a group of words which is one part of the sentence, i.e. a syntactically indivisible group; a quotation group.
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The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. As a rule the predicate contains a finite verb which may express tense, mood, voice, aspect, and sometimes person and number. According to the structure and the meaning of the predicate we distinguish 2 main types: the simple predicate and the compound predicate.
The simple predicate is represented by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form, sometimes by a phraseological unit (to get rid of, to take care, to pay attention, etc.); word combinations (to change one’s mind).
The compound predicate usually consists of a seminotional verb and a notional part, presented by either nominal or verbal part of speech. It can be divided into two groups: nominal and verbal. The compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of a person or a thing expressed by the subject or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs. (link verb+ predicate). If a seminotional verb is a modal one and a notional part is expressed by infinitive or an infinitival phrase we deal with the modal compound verbal predicate: EX: He can do it himself. I have to go there.
Mixed types of predicate:
1) the compound modal nominal predicate- Don’t think I mean be unkind;
2) the compound aspect nominal predicate- I began to feel rather hungry.
3) The compound modal aspect predicate- I had to begin living.
In the English language the predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. Agreement implies that the use of one form necessitates the use of the other.
The secondary parts of the sentence:
1) OBJECT (completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or an adjective, a word denoting state, noun)
Direct object after transitive verbs, it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb
Indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed
2) ATTRIBUTE (qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character)
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3) ADVERBIAL MODIFIER (modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb)
1) of time
2) of frequency
3) of place and direction
4) of manner
5) of attendant circumstances
6) of degree and measure
7) of cause
8) of result (consequence)
9) of condition
10) of comparison
11) of concession
12) of purpose
4) DETACHED (loose) parts of the sentence – are those which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence.
Loose connection may be due to the position of these words, the way they are expressed, their meaning, or the speaker’s desire to make them prominent. In spoken language detached parts of the sentence are marked by intonation, pauses and special stress; in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes.
Dumb with amazement, they crossed the room. She does not change – except her hair.
5) INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE – words or word-groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence. They are:
interjections (ah, oh, hurrah, eh, hallo, goodness gracious, good havens);
direct address (sweet child);
parenthesis (to be sure, anyway).
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