Читання та обговорення тексту. Відповіді на питання після тексту. Переказ.
The United States of America
History. America is a young, but powerful and rich country. More than 300 years old is not much for the country. First settlers came to America seeking religious freedom. They were called the Pilgrim Fathers. They arrived from England and established Plymouth colony, the first settlement in New England (the first name of the USA was New England). Declaration of Independence started the American Revolution. Leaders of the 13 original colonies proclaimed the historic Declaration of Independence from British rule in 1776, but young American republic had to fight for its independence. At the head of this struggle was George Washington who later became the first president of the USA.
From 1861-1865 America was torn in the civil war between northern and southern states. People from northern states wanted to abolish slavery, while people from the southern states wanted to keep it. President Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves, defeated the Southern Confederacy and kept the Union.
Great drama surrounded the taming of the West when white Americans fought against the Indians – Native Americans. The first transcontinental railroad was made in the 19th century. Thomas Edison produced the first electric light bulb in 1880, and the growth of science and technology began.
After the WW II American scientists used the ideas of Albert Einstein and discovered the power of the atom. In 1961, 43-year-old John Kennedy became the president of the USA. He introduced the program known for equal rights for blacks and whites. John Kennedy started Project Apollo which promised to land an American on the moon before 1970. Astronaut Neil Armstrong made the first step on the moon in July 20, 1969. As you can see, the USA has a glorious history.
Geography. Language. Nationalities. Symbols. The geographical position of the country is also very remarkable. It is a country of contrasts in landscape and climate. There are elevated and lowland regions. It has every kind of climate – from that of the tropic to that of Arctic regions and Alaska. There are also very long rivers (the Colorado, the Alabama, the Mississippi) and very large lakes in the country.
American English is different from British English. Americans say “last name”, British say “surname”; Americans say “fall”, British say “autumn”, etc. To say the truth, 30 mln Americans speak a language other than English at home. They speak Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, etc. It happens because America is a nation of immigrants. It was founded by immigrants and nowadays it continues to take in more immigrants than any other country in the world. In the second half of the 20th century it took in more people from Asian countries, but before it took in mainly people from Europe. There are many nationalities nowadays, that’s why it is very important in America to be “politically correct”. For example, you should say “black person”, “native American”.
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The USA is an urban nation. 2/3 (two thirds) of the population live in urban areas. There are many big cities such as New York (NY), Los Angeles (LA), Philadelphia (PA), Detroit, San Francisco and others.
The flag of the USA is called “the Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars in the US flag stand for the 50 states; the 13 stripes (7 red and 8 white) stand for the 13 original states. The red in the flag means courage, the blue justice, the white innocence.
The government of the United States represents, serves, and protects the American people at home and in foreign countries. From the nation's capital in Washington, D.C, the U.S. government's activities and influence reach every part of the world.
The three branches of the United States government - executive, legislative, and judicial - are usually represented by the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court. Generally speaking, the President enforces the laws that Congress passes and the Supreme Court interprets these laws if any question arises.
Answer the questions:
1. When and why did the first settlers come to America? 2. What are the American well-known discoveries? 3. What is the geographical position of the USA? 4. What is the difference between American English and British English? 5. Why do they usually call America a “melting pot”? 6. What are the biggest cities of the USA? 7. Why is the name of the American flag “the Stars and Stripes”?
2. Граматичний матеріал: Теперішній подовжений час. The Present Continuous Tense.
Ex. 1. Make up the negative sentences. Model: She is reading now (to write a letter). – She is not reading. She is writing a letter.
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1. Helen is skating now.(to ski) 2. They are playing chess (football). 3. The students are going home (to the library). 4. Mother is making dinner (to wash dishes in the kitchen). 5. Father is working in the garden (to take a rest). 6. Ann and John are swimming there (to lie in the sun). 7. I am asking you questions (to answer your questions).
Ex. 2.Use the Present Continuous or the Present Simple Tense.
1. I (to read) a very interesting book now. 2.My friend usually (to read) a lot. 3. He (to swim) very fast. 4. Look! Somebody (to swim) over there. 5. What (to do) in the evening? Let's go to the cinema. 6. What they usually (to do) at the week-end? 7. Where is Alec? He is in the garden. I think he (to do) his morning exercises. 8. He always (to do) his morning exercises with the window open. 9. Mrs.Grey seldom (to cook meals) at home. 10. Is mother in the kitchen? Yes, she is. She (to cook) something.
Ex. 3.Make up the questions to the words underlined.
1. Lucy is taking her examination now. 2. Tom is playing chess with his friendin the dining-room. 3. Many students are going to the cafefor lunch. 4. She is 1ooking at the picture. 5. He is answering the teacher’s questions. 6. They are speaking about their work.
Ex. 4.Translate into English using the verbs in Present Continuous or Present Simple.
1. Мері зараз виконує вправи. Вона завжди виконує вправи після другої. 2. Зараз студенти грають у баскетбола у спортзалі. Вони грають у баскетбол 3 рази на тиждень. 3. Мы читаємо цікавий текст про Великобританію. Мы читаємо такі тексти понеділками. 4. Мама ходить за покупками суботами. Зараз вона виходить з дому. 5. Мері пише контрольну роботу? – Так, вона виконує контрольні вправи.
3. Робота з текстом за профілем спрямування:
Task: read the text; translate, be ready to answer the questions and retell the text
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Drugs
Every human society uses some drugs to change people's state of awareness. Drugs can mean everything from cigarettes and alcohol to heroin, opium, amphetamines, LSD and cocaine. In our society the main drugs are alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, while in Peru chewing cola leaves (which are used to produce cocaine) is an everyday activity, and in some Middle Eastern countries smoking hashish (marijuana) or opium is legalwhile alcohol is banned. Drugs which can influence our state of consciousnessare known as psychoactive drugs.
All psychoactive drugs affectthe nervous system in some way, but they have different effects by influencing different parts of it. For example, caffeine, which we take in coffee or cola drinks, acts on the autonomic nervous system to produce a state of arousalin the body. So it is not surprising that it helps people to wake up in the morning, but in large quantities it can make one irritableand edgy.
Morphine and heroine are sometimes used medically, because they are powerful painkillers. People who take the drug report that it makes them feel euphoric, as though they are not quite in touch with reality, and good because there is no physical discomfort or fatigue at all. But the problem is that when it wears off, people feel very unpleasant, so it is extremely easy to become both physically and mentally addicted to these drugs.
Marijuana was widely used as a tranquillizer in the nineteenth century, and for over two thousand years in the Far East. We know that it acts as a mild depressant, damping down the actions of the autonomic nervous system and producing muscular relaxation. Because of .this some users report a sense of time passing very slowly, and an increased sensitivity to sensory stimulation such as music or act.
Vocabulary
1) awareness — свідомість, усвідомлення {чогось)
2) legal — легальний, законний
3) banned — заборонений
4) influence — впливати
5) consciousness— свідомість
6) affect — мати вплив на
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7) arousal— стан збудження
8) irritable — дратівливий
9) edgy — нервовий
10) painkiller — знеболююче, анальгетик
11) in touch with — тримати зв'язок з
12) fatigue — втома
13) wear off — зникати, минати
14) addicted — залежний від {чогось, когось)
15) tranquilliser — транквілізатор, заспокійливе
16) damp sth down — знижувати
17) sensitivity — чутливість, вразливість
18) sensory — сенсорний
Література:
1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.
2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.
3. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.
Практичне заняття № 4
Тема: Традиції та свята англомовних країн.
1. Читання та обговорення тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ
Holidays
Each of the 50 states establishes its own legal holidays. The federal government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states, however, accept the federal legal holidays. Holidays for all federal offices, most state and local government offices, and many (but not all!) businesses are:
New Year's Day (January 1) Martin Luther King's Birthday (third Monday in January)
Washington's Birthday, sometimes called "Presidents’ Day" (third Monday in February)
Memorial Day (last Monday in May) Independence Day (July 4) Labor Day (first Monday in September) Columbus Day (second Monday in October) Veterans' Day (November 11)
Thanksgiving Day (fourth Thursday in November) Christmas Day (December 25)
The many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah, or Ramadan are observed, of course, by the religious, but they have no national or official legal status. Rather, each state sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends on labor agreements.
There are many traditional holidays, observed by a large number of Americans, which are also neither legal nor official. Among these are Groundhog Day, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day (not just people with Irish ancestry will "wear the green" on March 17), Mother's Day, and Halloween (the last day of October).
The three holidays which were first observed in the U.S. but have now spread elsewhere are Labor Day (usually observed on May 1 elsewhere), Thanksgiving (in Canada), and Mother's Day (wherever there are florists, greeting-card companies, candy manufacturers, and mothers).
Perhaps the two "most American" of the holidays are the Fourth of July - Independence Day -and Thanksgiving. The Fourth of July is like a big, nationwide birthday party. Yet, it's a party that takes place in neighborhoods, on beaches or in parks, or on suburban lawns throughout the country. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech or two, should anyone be willing to listen. But what makes the Fourth of July is the atmosphere and enjoyment of, for instance, the family beach party, with hot dogs and hamburgers, volleyball and softball, the fireworks and rockets at night (and, often, a sunburn and a headache the next morning). The nation's birthday is also the nation's greatest annual summer party.
Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional foods are prepared for the feast - turkey or ham, cranberry sauce and corn dishes, breads and rolls, and pumpkin pie. At the same time, Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world.
Ex 1. Make up the plan.
Ex 2. What English holidays or traditions can you name? Prepare the interesting information relating to the topic.
2. Граматичний матеріал: Минулий неозначений час. The Past Indefinite Tense.
Ex. 1 . Change the following sentences into Past Simple. Model: My working day lasts eight hours. - My working day lasted eight hours yesterday.
1. I often get letters from my friends. 2. Do you repeat this rule every day? 3. They don’t often stay at the factory after 6 o'clock. 4. I return home in the evening every day. 5. I translate a lot of articles every day.
Ex. 2. Make up questions. Model: She left her native land. - Did she leave her native land?
1. Maria began her studies in Paris. 2. She lived in a poor street in Paris. 3. She ate cherries and fruit. 4. Marie met Pierre a few years later. 5. The university gave the students a laboratory. 6. They loved each other. 7. They became the closest friends.
Ex. 3. Make up questions. Model: He became a teacher. - What did he become?
1. I began to learn English two years ago. 2. We ate some fruit five minutes ago. 3. My friend chose this book for his report. 4. He spoke about this book two hours ago. 5. We spoke about our trip last week. 8. I heard the voice of my friend.
Ex. 4. Translate into English using was/ were.
1. Я був в Лондоні 2 роки тому. 2. Ми були в Київі минулого тижня. 3. Мері була рада бачити мене. 4. Мої друзі були вчора в кіно. 5. Студенти були зайняті минулого тижня. 6. Текст був легкий? 7. Вправи були складні? 8. Вони не були в університеті вчора.
Ex.5. Translate into English using t he Past Simple Tense.
1. Вчора вони дивились дуже гарний фільм. 2. Вчора він почав роботу пізно. 3. Минулого тижня він розмовляв з Майклом. 4. Він загубив паспорт. 5. Він взяв книги? 6. Він ходив у кіно вчора? 7. Ви залишалися в офісі після роботи? 8. Де ви подорожували? 9. Що ви написали? 10. Яку книгу ви читали минулого тижня? 11. Він не їздив туди. 12. Він не бачив цієї телеграми.
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