П. Which way of presenting meanings would you choose for the italicized words in the following fragment? Explain your choice for each case:
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the hank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversa-
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tions in it, "and what is the use of a book," thought Alice, "without pictures or conversations 
?"
So she was considering in her own mind whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a white rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!" (when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it Hashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and was just in time to see it pop down a large rab- bit-hole under the hedge.
(From: "Alice in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll)
Ш. a) Choose a text from the 5th- or 6th-form textbook and prepare a micro- lesson at which you will present the meanings of new words. Try to vary your methods of presentation.
b) Prepare a similar micro-lesson based on a text of the 9th- or lOth-form textbook.
Key Words and Expressions: to communicate (teach) meanings of words by demonstration, pictures, verbal explanation; to convey the meaning; exclusion of the mother tongue; encoding; decoding
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UNIT FIVE
TEXT FIVE
UP THE DOWN STAIRCASE 
лестница
By Bel Kaufman
(Fragment)
Bel Kaufman, an American writer. She worked as a teacher of the English language and literature in a New York high school for 15 years. "Up the Down Staircase 
лестница " (1964) is her first prominent work. The book deals with the experiences of a young high-school teacher.
Sept. 25
Dear Ellen,[1][2] -
It's FTG (Friday Thank God конец рабочей недели), which means I need not set the alarm 
for 6:30 tomorrow morning; I can wash a blouse, think a thought, write a letter.
Congratulations on the baby's new tooth. Soon there is bound непременно to be another tooth and another and another, and before you know it, little Suzie will start going to school, and her troubles will just begin.
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Though I hope that by the time she gets into the public high school system, things will be different. At least, they keep promising that things will be different. I'm told that since the recent strike threats 
угрозы забастовки, negotiations 
переговоры with the United Federation of Teachers, and greater public interest, we are enjoying "improved conditions". But in the two weeks that I have been here, conditions seem greatly unimproved 
неулучшенными.
You ask what I am teaching. Hard to say. Professor Winters advised teaching "not the subject but the whole child". The English Syllabus программа куса urges 
настаивает "individualization and enrichment 
" — which means giving individual attention to each student to bring out выявить the best in him and enlarge his scope beyond the prescribed work. Bester says "to motivate 
стимулировать and distribute" books — that is, to get students ready and eager to read. All this is easier said than done. In fact, all this is plain impossible.
Many of our kids — though physically mature 
— can't read beyond 4th and 5th grade level. Their background consists of the sim-
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plest comics and thrillers 
. They've been exposed 
подвергнуты to some ten years of schooling, yet they don't know what a sentence is.
The books we are required to teach frequently have nothing to do with anything except the fact that they have always been taught, or that there'is an oversupply слишком большое количество of them, or that some committee 
комиссия or other was asked to come up with нагонять some titles званий.
I've been trying to teach without books. There was one heady 
опьяняющий moment when I was able to excite the class by an idea: I had put on the blackboard Browning's1 "A man's reach кругозор should exceed превосходить his grasp возможности, or what's a heaven for ради Бога?" and we got involved in a spirited 
горячий discussion of aspiration 
стремление vs. 
против2 reality. Is it wise, I asked, to aim higher than one's capacity 
? Does it not doom обрекает one to failure? No, no, some said, that's ambition and progress 
! No, no, others cried, that's frustration 
крушение and defeat поражение! What about hope? What about despair отчаяния? — You've got to be practical! — You've got to have a dream! They said this in their own words, you understand, startled 
into побужденные к discovery. To the young, clichés 
клише seem freshly minted выдуманные. Hitch подцепляй your wagon 
to a star судьбе! And when the dismissal 
выпускной bell rang, they paid me the highest compliment: they groaned 
тяжело вздыхали! They crowded in the doorway, chirping 
чирикая like agitated sparrows, pecking клюя at the seeds семена I had strewn 
рассыпала — when who should materialize but Admiral Ass.3
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"What is the meaning of this noise? "
"It's the sound of thinking, Mr. McHabe," I said.
The cardinal 
основной sin, strange as it may seem in an institution of learning учебном заведении, is talking. There are others, of course — sins, I mean, and I seem to have committed 
a good number. Yesterday I was playing my record of Gielgud4 reading Shakespeare 
. I had brought my own phonograph 
to school (no one could find the Requisition Forms бланки заявки for "Audio-Visual 
Aids" — that's the name for the school record player) and I had succeeded достигла цели, I thought, in establishing a mood наклонение. I mean, I got them to be quiet, when — enter Admiral Ass,5 in full regalia 
, epaulettes 
эполеты quivering 
колышутся with indignation 
возмущении. He snapped щелкнул his fingers for me to stop the phonograph , waited for the turntable диск патефона to stop turning, and pronounced:
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"There will be a series of three bells rung three times indicating Emergency Shelter бомбоубежищную Drill строевую подготовку. Playing records does not encourage the orderly evacuation 
of the class."
I mention McHabe because he has crystallized 
вылился into The Enemy...
Chaos 
, waste, cries for help — strident 
скрипучие, yet unheard. Or am I romanticizing 
идеализирую? That's what Paul says; he only shrugs пожимает плечами and makes up funny verses about everyone. That's Paul Barringer — a writer who
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teaches English on one foot, as it were, just waiting to be published. He's very attractive 
: a tan загар crew cut короткая стрижка "ёжик", a white smile with lots of teeth; one eyebrow 
higher than the other. All the girls are in love with him.
There are a few good, hard-working, patient people... who manage to teach against insuperable 
odds в исключительно неблагоприятных условиях; a few brilliantly endowed 
одарённые teachers who — unknown and unsung невоспетая — work their magic in the classroom; a few who truly love young people. The rest, it seems to me, have either given up сдались, or are taking it out отыгрываются on the kids. "Those who can, do, those who can't, teach." Like most sayings, this is only half true. Those who can, teach; those who can't — the bitter ожесточённый, the misguided введённый в заблуждение, the failures from other fields — find in the school system an excuse or a refuge 
убежище....
And Dr. Bester, my immediate 
supervisor 
инспектор, Chairman 
председатель of the English Department, I can't figure out постичь at all. He is a dour 
суровый, desiccated 
высохший little man, remote равнодушный and prissy 
ханжеский.6 Like most chairmen , he teaches only one class of Seniors 
выпускников; the most experienced 
опытные teachers are frequently promoted right out of the classroom! Kids respect him; teachers dislike him — possibly because he is given склонны to popping up выделяться, unexpectedly, to observe them. "The ghost walks" is the grape-vine 
тайный signal for his visits. Bea7 told me he started out начала as a great teacher, but he's been soured 
ожесточена by the trivla-in-triplicate8 which his administrative duties impose налагают. I hope he doesn't come to observe me until I get my bearings терпение.
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Commentary
1.Browning, Robert: an English poet and playwright (1812-1889)
2. vs.: short for versus (Lot.) against
3. Admiral Ass: the nickname given to James J. McHabe, the ad ministrative assistant 
помощник, because he signed his innumerable 
circulars "James J. McHabe, Adm. Asst."
4. Gielgud, John: an outstanding English actor and producer 
5. ...enter Admiral Ass: the verb: "to enter" is used like this (the form of the Subjunctive I) in stage directions in a printed play fe.gr. Enter Hamlet = Let Hamlet enter)
6. prissy: a blend of precise and sissy; prim and precise (coll., USA)
7.Bea: short for Beatrice, one of the teachers
8. trivla-in-triplicate: from trivia, a Latin noun in the plural, which means trifles 
пустяки; triplicate a threefold (e.g. to draw up a document in triplicate — to write a document together with three copies of it). The author of the letter wants to say that Bester is overburdened 
перегружен with his administrative duties.
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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
Vocabulary Notes
1. negotiate 
1) а) вести переговоры, договариваться; обсуждать условия б) торговать (чем-л.) 2) а) продать, реализовать (вексель, ценную бумагу) б) осуществлять денежные операции 3) а) вести дело б) устраивать, улаживать; преодолевать (что-л. при помощи переговоров) 4) а) преодолеть препятствие; перепрыгнуть, пересечь б) достичь самого высокого результата (в чём-л.) vi/t 1) discuss matters in order to come to an agree ment; negotiate with smb. for, on, over smth. (for peace, truce, cease 
перестать fire, etc.) 2) bring about (a desired object), by preliminary discussion, arrange 
устраивать (a business affair), e.g. The Ministers negotiated a top-level meeting.
negotiations переговоры; обсуждение условий n the act of negotiating, making arrangements, as to enter into (conduct, carry on, hold, resume) negotiations with smb.; break-down of negotiations; negotiations on an issue переговоры на предмет, e.g. The negotiations on the oil issue are in progress .
negotiating parties стороны, участвующие в переговорах groups of persons discussing political or business matters
negotiator 
1) лицо, ведущее переговоры; сторона в переговорах; сторона в договоре; уполномоченный по заключению договора 2) посредник n one who negotiates
2. distribute 1) распределять, раздавать 2) распространять 3) заниматься дистрибуцией (товаров) 4) распределять по поверхности; разбрасывать; рассредоточивать 5) разделять, распределять 6) классифицировать 7) лог. использовать термин в его полном значении 8) разбирать шрифт и раскладывать его по кассам vt hand, give or send out among a number of persons, e.g. The teacher distributed the examination papers to the class (among the pupils).
distribution 1) распределение; раздача 2) распространение 3) дистрибуция, распределение 4) разбор шрифта и распределение его по кассам n distributing or being distributed
distributor 1) распределитель 2) дистрибутор, распространитель, агент по продаже 3) оптовый торговец 4) распределитель зажигания 5) гудронатор n a person or thing that distributes
3. exceed 1) превышать; переступать пределы, границы; выходить за пределы 2) превосходить (кого-л. в чём-л.) ; иметь перевес 3) превалировать, доминировать; преобладать 4) преувеличивать; утрировать vt 1) go beyond what is allowed or necessary, as to exceed one's authority, the limits of decency; e.g. The driver was fined for exceeding the speed-limit. You have exceeded your instructions (i.e. done more than you had authority to do). 2) be greater than, e.g. 30 exceeds 13 by 17.
exceedingly весьма, очень, сильно, чрезвычайно adv extremely, to an unusual degree, as an exceedingly difficult book
Word Discrimination: exceed, surpass 
1) превосходить, превышать 2) обгонять, опережать, перегонять.
Exceed is applied mostly to things in the sense of going beyond in measure, degree, quantity, and quality; one thing exceeds another in magnitude, height, or any other dimensions. It is usually taken in an indifferent or in a bad sense, particularly in regard to persons, as a person exceeds his instructions or exceeds the due measure.
Surpass signifies to exceed or be superior in that which is good. E.g. His playing now surpasses his teacher's. His record was surpassed the other day.
Either of the verbs may be used in reference 
отношении to expectations. E.g. His success exceeded (or surpassed) his expectations.
Exceed применяется главным образом к вещам в том смысле, превышать меру, степень, количество и качество; одно превосходит другое по величине, высоте, или любым другим размерам. Это, как правило, берётся в в плохом смысле, особенно в отношении лиц, превышающим предписания или превышает грани.
Surpass означает превышать или быть лучше в том, чём-то хорошем. Например, His playing now surpasses his teacher's. His record was surpassed the other day.
Любой из глаголов может быть использован в отношении ожиданий. Например, His success exceeded (or surpassed) his expectations.
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4. involve 1) а) привлекать, вовлекать, втягивать б) касаться, затрагивать 2) запутывать 3) вызывать; приводить (к чему-л.) 4) а) погружаться (в размышление, решение задачи) , увлекаться (чем-л.) б) увлекаться (кем-л.) 5) окутывать, покрывать 6) включать в себя, содержать 7) возводить в степень vt 1) mix up in, as involve smb. in war, crime, debt, scan dal, mystery, etc., e.g. He is deeply involved in debt. 2) have as a necessary consequence, as involve great expenses, difficulties, com plications, serious trouble, much work, an increase in, etc., e.g. The war has involved an enormous increase in the national debt. 3) be (get, become) mixed up with smb., e.g. It was clear he didn't want to get involved with us.
involved a complicated in thought or form, as involved reasoning, an involved mechanism, sentence, etc. involvement 
1) а) путаница, запутанность б) затруднительное положение 2) вовлечённость; участие 3) условность n the state of being involved
5. aspire 
стремиться к (достижению чего-л.) vi desire earnestly (to, after, at or infin.), e.g. We aspire after what is great and unusual.
aspiration 1) стремление; сильное желание (к достижению чего-л.) 2) придыхание 3) аспирация, отсасывание (жидкости из полости) n (for, after), as the aspirations of the people for freedom
6. ambition 
1) честолюбие; тщеславие 2) цель, предмет желаний; честолюбивый замысел 3) трудолюбие; активность n strong desire to be or do smth., or for success, fame, honour, e.g. His ambition is to be a great scientist.
ambitious 1) честолюбивый An ambitious mind wants success. — Честолюбивый ум жаждет успеха. 2) стремящийся к (чему-л.) ; жаждущий (чего-л.) 3) претенциозный a 1) full of ambition, e.g. He is an ambitious boy; he wants to become famous. 2) needing great efforts 
in order to succeed, showing ambition; e.g. His plans are very ambitious, he wants to master the language in a year.
Word Discrimination: aspiration, ambition.
Both nouns express strong desire to achieve something but there is a subtle difference between them. Aspiration usually expresses an ardent desire for what is elevated, noble, spiritual or pure 
, the striving after which is uplifting or ennobling.
Ambition usually expresses an ardent desire for distinction. E.g. Pete was full of ambition, worked hard and became top boy of the class.
Оба существительных выражают сильное желание чего-то добиться, но есть тонкое различие между ними.
Aspiration обычно выражает горячее желание для того, что возвышенно, благородно, духовно или чисто, стремление к которому поднимает или облагораживает.
Ambition обычно выражает горячее желание отличиться. Например, Pete was full of ambition, worked hard and became top boy of the class.
7. frustrate 
1) расстраивать, срывать (планы) ; препятствовать, мешать 2) разочаровывать; обманывать (надежды, ожидания) vl 1) to prevent smb. from doing smth., as to frustrate the plans of one's enemies, to frustrate one's enemies in their plans, to be frustrated in an attempt to do smth. 2) to bring to nothing, e.g. His hopes were frustrated.
frustration 1) срыв (планов) , крушение (надежд) 2) чувство разочарования, неудовлетворенности (из-за невозможности каким-л. образом повлиять на ситуацию) n 1), frustrating or being frustrated, e.g. The frustration of all the dreams aged her before her time. 2) a defeat поражение or disappointment разочарование, e.g. His frustration strengthened his opposition.
8. observe 
1) а) наблюдать, следить (за чем-л.) б) замечать, обращать внимание (на что-л.) 2) (observe (up)on) сделать замечание, высказаться (по какому-л. поводу) 3) соблюдать (законы, правила, обычаи) ; твёрдо придерживаться (чего-л.) , следовать (чему-л.) 4) праздновать, отмечать 5) проводить научные наблюдения vt 1) take notice of; see and notice; watch closely and carefully, study; e.g. We observed that it had turned cloudy. The head teach er observed several lessons. 2) keep or celebrate; pay attention to (laws, customs, festivals), as to observe a person's birthday, an anniversary, etc., e.g. This rule is strictly observed by everyone. 3) say by way of com ment, e.g. He observed that we should probably have rain,
observation 
1) а) наблюдение б) наблюдательность 2) наблюдение, замечание, высказывание 3) наблюдение, результат научных и личных наблюдений 4) = observance соблюдение, следование 5) (ближняя) разведка, наблюдение 6) обсервация (определение географических координат судна по береговым предметам или по местоположению небесных светил) n, as to carry on, maintain 
observation; to be (keep a person) under observation, powers of observation; an observation post
observance 
1) соблюдение (закона, обычая, религиозного обряда, праздника) 2) а) обряд, ритуал, церемония б) предписание религии 3) устав монашеского ордена (в католицизме) 4) почтение; внимание, любезность, услужливость n the keeping of law, custom, duty, etc. observant a quick to pay attention to; in the habit of noticing things, as an observant boy
observer 
1) а) наблюдатель, эксперт б) слушатель (на конференции, симпозиуме) 2) человек, следующий каким-л. нормам, соблюдающий что-л. 3) обозреватель (в СМИ) 4) ; рекогносцировщик n 1) one who observes, as an observer of nature 2) one who keeps rules, customs, etc., as an observer of old traditions
9. impose 1) класть, помещать, фиксировать в определённом положении 2) возлагать (руки при благословении) ; рукополагать 3) облагать (налогом) ; налагать (ограничения, штраф) 4) (impose on) навязываться (кому-л.) 5) (impose on / upon) всучить, подсунуть 6) спускать (полосу) ; заключать (печатную форму) vt 1) put or lay (a duty, tax, punishment, obligation, curfew, etc.), e.g. A fine was imposed on him for careless driving. 2) force or persuade 
a person to do or take smth. by using unfair methods, tricks, etc., e.g. He imposed his will on his family.
imposition 
1) обложение (налого) , наложение (запрета, штрафа, наказания) 2) а) налог, пошлина, сбор; б) штраф 3) штрафное задание, дополнительное упражнение (задается в качестве наказания в школах и колледжах) 4) обман, жульничество 5) благословение, возложение рук 6) спуск (полосы набора, формы) n the act of putting or laying a tax, burden, punishment, etc. on smb., as the imposition of new taxes
imposing 
грандиозный; впечатляющий, внушительный; импозантный a making a strong impression because of striking character or appearance; causing admiration, as an imposing lady, an imposing building
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