Explain by what criteria it is possible to estimate the magazine, using Journal Citation Report?
The index of citing scientific publications is a group of indices of abstract databases of scientific publications indexing the references indicated in the lists of these publications and providing quantitative indicators of these references (such as cumulative citation volume, Hirsch index, etc.). In 1960, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), founded by Eugene Garfield, introduced the first citation index for articles published in scientific journals, initiating an IC such as the "Science Citation Index (SCI)", and then including public citation indexes Science ("Social Sciences Citation Index", SSCI) and arts ("Arts and Humanities Citation Index", AHCI). Now this index is fully represented in the Web of Science database and is one of the many resources of the Web of Knowledge platform, supported by Thomson Reuters. "Scopus" (a recent version of the official name: SciVerse Scopus) is a bibliographic and abstract database and a tool for tracking the citation of articles published in scientific publications. As of mid-2009, Scopus includes 38 million records of scientific publications, including 19 million resource records published after 1996, with lists of pre-requisite bibliographies. Impact factor (IF, impact factor, IF) is a numerical indicator of the importance of a scientific journal, which is annually calculated by Thomson Reuters and published in the Journal Citation Report database, which operates on the Web of Knowledge platform. For example, the impact factor of the magazine in 2011 will be: IF 2011 = A / B, where: A - the number of citations during 2011 in the journal of articles published in this journal in 2009-2010; B - number of articles published in this journal in 2009-2010.
The citation index is the total number of links to publications. The citation index can be calculated both for a particular publication, and for the author, organization, region, etc. Calculation of citation indexes in each specific resource is carried out on the basis of information (sources) contained precisely in this resource, therefore citation indexes of the same author (publications, organizations, etc.) in different resources may differ. The citation index is one of the most widely used scientometric indicators and is used (for a formal assessment) in the scientific and bureaucratic circles of many countries.
Explain the meaning of ethical standards of scientific research, give examples.
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Scientific ethics - in modern science this is a set of officially published rules, the violation of which leads to administrative proceedings.
The scientist must follow the principles of scientific ethics in order to successfully engage in scientific research. In science, as an ideal, the principle is proclaimed that in the face of truth all researchers are equal, that no past merits are taken into account when it comes to scientific evidence. An equally important principle of scientific ethos is the requirement of scientific honesty when presenting the results of the research. The scientist may be wrong, but he has no right to manipulate the results, he can repeat the discovery already made, but he has no right to engage in plagiarism. Links as a prerequisite for the design of a scientific monograph and article are designed to document the authorship of certain ideas and scientific texts, and to ensure a clear selection of already known in science and new results. There are detailed rules on what conditions the co-authors of a scientific article should answer. Below is an excerpt from the rules developed at Harvard University [1]:
Everyone who is listed as an author should make a substantial direct intellectual contribution to the work. For example, it should contribute to the concept, design and / or interpretation of the results. "Honorary" co-authorship is prohibited. Providing funding, technical support, patients or materials, no matter how important it is for the work, is not in itself a sufficient contribution to the work, in order to become a co-author. Everyone who has made a significant contribution to the work must be a co-author. Anyone who has made a less significant contribution to the work should be listed on the list of people who are thanked at the end of the article.
These moral principles are often violated in reality. In different scientific communities, different rigidity of sanctions may be imposed for violating the ethical principles of science. The reduction of the "quality of knowledge" in violation of the ethics of science leads to junk science, the ideology of science and the commercialization of science (when the main objective is the race for financing). One of the levers for monitoring the implementation of scientific ethics is the anonymous review of scientific articles, projects and reports.
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Scientific ethics are not only administrative rules, but also the totality of moral principles that scientists adhere to in scientific activity and which ensure the functioning of science.
Modern scientific ethics
Modern scientific ethics is characterized by the following:
the universal goal is to obtain and expand the sphere of objective knowledge;
corresponds to the norms of tolerance.
The ethical code of the scientist emphasizes not utilitarian, but higher intellectual values. A special role is also given to issues of scientific honesty, the preservation of a "good name", and not just fame, popularity in the general public. In the 20th century, the situation changed somewhat: the requirements became less stringent, science became more "rich".
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