Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста.
А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
influence
plumb line
to level
to coincide
at rest
приводить (в направление)
совпадать, соответствовать
состоянии покоя
отвес
влияние
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
направлять
проистекать, происходить
равномерный, одинаковый
соответствовать
избыток
even
to point
to correspond
excess
to result from
G E O I D
The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth’s gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides. This surface is extended through the continents (such as with very narrow hypothetical canals). All points on the geoid have the same gravity potential energy (the sum of gravitational potential energy and centrifugal potential energy). The force of gravity acts everywhere perpendicular to the geoid, meaning that plumb lines point perpendicular and water levels parallel to the geoid.
Specifically, the geoid is the equipotential surface that would coincide with the mean ocean surface of the Earth if the oceans and atmosphere were in equilibrium, at rest relative to the rotating Earth, and extended through the continents (such as with very narrow canals). According to Gauss, who first described it, it is the “mathematical figure of the Earth”, a smooth but highly irregular surface whose shape results from the uneven distribution of mass within and on the surface of the Earth. It does not correspond to the actual surface of the Earth’s crust, but to a surface which can only be known through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations. It is often described as the true physical figure of the Earth, in contrast to the idealized geometrical figure of a reference ellipsoid.
The surface of the geoid is higher than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a positive gravity anomaly (mass excess) and lower than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a negative gravity anomaly (mass deficit)
Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста.
А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
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to derive
representation
interpretation
to furnish
dispensable
предоставлять
объяснение, раскрытие
представление, показ
необязательный несущественный
получать
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
операции, процесс displacement
важность procedure
переоценивать to lay out
планировать to overestimate
перемещение significance
S U R V E Y I N G
Surveying is a science of making measurements on the earth’s surface, determining the figure and dimensions of the form of plans and maps.
“Geodesy”, which means surveying, a word of Greek origin, is translated as “division of earth”.
The science of surveying derives its origin from practical requirements of man. Determination of the figure and dimensions of the earth is the object of geodetic surveying. Procedures related to the representation of small parts of earth’s surface in the form of plans are the object of plane surveying.
The progress of surveying is closely related to number of other sciences. Mathematics, physics, and astronomy have all had a great share in promoting the progress of geodesy. Mathematics provides methods of analysis and techniques for interpretation of measurements results. Physics furnishes formulae for computing various optical devices and instrumental data required by surveying.
Surveying is also closely connected with geography, geology and, particularly, with geomorphology. The knowledge of geography is indispensable for a correct interpretation of landscape elements such as relief features, natural cover of the earth’s surface (vegetation, soils, seas, lakes, rivers), and cultural and man-made and features, (settlements, roads, means of communication, economic establishments.)
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The practical significance of surveying cannot be overestimated. Without geodetic measurements it is impossible to lay out road, canals, underground structures, such as underground railways, pipelines, cable lines, overhead systems such as electric transmission lines, communication lines. Surveying is required in territorial surveys, in laying out construction projects, in making various measurements at the separate stages of construction, and even to determine the amount of deformation and displacement in existing structures.
Surveying is an element of town planning, green plantation and development projects in cities and towns. Realization of the project demands that engineer is capable of carrying out surveying operations which are necessary for setting out the engineering structure.
Определите по суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное; b ) прилагательное; c ) наречие:
1. weightless; 2. function; 3. physicist; 4. thickness; 5. usually; 6. experimental; 7. transmission; 8. operator; 9. reading; 10. examiner; 11. changeable; 12. completely; 13. improvement.
Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русскому:
1. отражение - a) reflect; b) reflective; с) reflection.
2. бесполезный - a) use; b) useless; с) useful; d) usefulness.
3. равенство - a) equal; b) equally; c) equality.
Сравните сказуемые в данных предложениях, затем переведите и объясните, чем обусловлено изменение смысла:
1. The scientist is asked to make...
2. The designer is informed...
3. The tests are followed by...
4. The control system protected...
5. I was offered...
6. We were helped...
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- He is to be asked to make...
- He is to be informed...
- They are to be followed by...
- It is to be protected...
- I was to be offered...
- - We were to be helped.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемого в страдательном залоге:
1. Many scientists were invited to work at the design of the system.
2. The young specialists were offered to concentrate their efforts on the construction of the project.
3. The designers were given the necessary information about the planet.
4. The experimental model will be followed by mass production.
5. The original design of the protective complex was already referred to in some journals.
6. The new method was paid great attention to.
7. The engineers’ measurements and calculations can be relied on.
8. The operation of the device will not be influenced by outer factors.
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