Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста.
А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
average
solar
to sustain
property
to thrive
dense
поддерживать
плотный
свойство
процветать
солнечный
средний
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
слой, пласт
средний, нормальный
окружать
цифра, число
ядро Земли
мантия
mean
figure
mantle
core
layer
to surround
EARTH’S SIZE
The Earth’s, with average distance of 92.955.820 miles (149.597.890 km) from the sun, is the third planet and one of the most unique planets in the solar system. It was formed around 4.5-4.6 billion years ago and is the only planet known to sustain life. This is because factors like its atmospheric composition and physical properties such as the presence of water over 70.8% of the planet allow life to thrive.
The size of the Earth, like the size of all of the celestial bodies, is measured in a number of parameters including mass, volume, density, surface area, and equatorial/polar/mean diameter. While we live on this planet, very few people can quote you the figures for these parameters.
As the largest of the terrestrial planets, the Earth has an estimated mass of 5.9736*1024 kg. Its volume is also the largest of these planets at 108.321*1010 km^3. In addition, the Earth is the densest of the terrestrial planets as it is made up of a crust, mantle and core. The Earth’s crust is the thinnest of these layers while the mantle comprises 84% of Earth’s volume and extends 1.800 miles (2900 km) below the surface. What makes Earth the densest of these planets however is its
core. It is the only terrestrial planet with a liquid outer core that surrounds a solid, dense inner core. Earth’s average density is 5515*10 kg/m^3.
The Earth is classified as the largest of the terrestrial planets based on its circumference and diameter as well. At the equator, Earth’s circumference is 24.901.55 miles (40.075.16 km). Earth’s diameter at the poles is 7.899.80 miles (12.713.5 km) while it is 7.926.28 miles (12.756.1 km) at the equator. For comparison, the largest planet in the Earth’s solar system, Jupiter, has a diameter of 88,846 miles (142.984 km).
Проверьте, знаете ли вы следующие слова и словосочетания, необходимые для понимания текста.
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А) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты:
regular
crevice
to complete
smooth
to flatten
ровный, однородный
завершать
трещина, щель
сплющивать, сглаживать
правильный, нормальный
Б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты:
испытывать
выдаваться, выпирать
распределять, распространять
падения (пласта)
вид, видимость
to bulge
to distribute
to experience
appearance
dip
THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH
The Earth’s shape is nearly spherical, with a radius of about 3,963 miles (6,378 km), and its surface is very irregular. Mountains and valleys make actually measuring this surface impossible because an infinite amount of data would be needed. For example, if you wanted to find the actual surface area of the Grand Canyon, you would have to cover every inch of land. It would take you many lifetimes to measure every crevice, valley, and rise. You could never complete the project because it would take too long.
To measure the Earth and avoid the problems that places like the Grand Canyon present, geodesists use a theoretical mathematical surface called the ellipsoid. Because the ellipsoid exists only in theory and not in real life, it can be completely smooth and does not take any irregularities – such as mountains or valleys – into account. The ellipsoid is created by rotating and ellipse around its shorter axis. This matches the real Earth’s shape, because the Earth is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator.
While the ellipsoid gives a common reference to geodesists, it is still only a mathematical concept. Geodesist often need to account for the reality of the Earth’s surface. To meet this need, the geoid, a shape that refers to global mean sea level, was created. If the geoid really existed, the surface of the Earth would be equal to a level in between the hide-tide and low-tide marks.
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Although a geoid may seem to be a smooth, regular shape, it isn’t. The Earth’s mass is unevenly distributed, meaning that certain areas of the planet experience more gravitational “pull” than others. Because of these variations in gravitational force, the “height” of different parts of the geoid is always changing, moving up and down in response to gravity. The geoidal surface is an irregular shape with a wavy appearance; there are rises in some areas and dips in others.
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