Morphological structure of English words. Types of morphemes. Classification of English words as to their structure and the way of building.
Words consist of morphemes ,depending on their roles morphemes are divided into roots and affixes. The root express the main
MORPHOLOGICAL STR-RE OF ENGLISH WORDS.(Morphology-studies the rules of changing words,their form & str-re.Syntactic-gram-l str-re)There are two levels of approach to the study of word- structure:the level of morphemic analysisand the level of derivationalor word-formation analysis.Word is the principal and basic unit of the language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis. The morphological analysis of word- structure on the morphemic level aims at splitting the word into its constituent morphemes – the basic units at this level of analysis – and at determining their number and types.The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form.According to the role the morphemes play in constructed words,morphemes are divided into roots and affixes.The root is the morpheme which expresses the general m-ng of a word.Affixes are divided into lex-l and gram-l. gram-l ones help to form grammar forms of the same lexim & also called endings.Lexical affixes serve to form new words.(‘rooms”:‘room”-lex-l m-me,’s’-gram-l m-me.”room’ is also called a free morpheme(root)as it can occur in sp-ch alone,and “s” is called a bound m-me,it is always attached to a lex-l m-me.There are also so called lex-co-gram-l m-mes,as they often change the lex-co-gram-l m-ng of a word transferring form one part of sp-ch to another(work-work-er(noun),work-less(adj).According to the number of m-mes words can be class-d into onomorphic(consist of 1 root m-me:dog,small)and polymorphic(at least 2 root m-mes:pen-holder).(Root-words,derived words,compound and shortening represent the main str-ral types of Modern E wordsand conversion &derivation-the most productive ways of word-building.CLASS-N OF E.WORDS AS TO THEIR STR-RE: According to the number of m-mes words can be class-d into monomorphic(consist of 1 root m-me:dog,small)and polymorphic fall into 2 subgroups:derived words(are composed of 1 root m-me and 1 or more derivational m-mes:acceptable, outdo, disagreeable) and compound words (those which contain at least two root-morphemes, the number of derivational m-mes being insignificant. There can be both root- and derivational m-mes in compounds as in pen-holder, light-mindedness,or only root-morphemes as in lamp-shade, eye-ball). As to their str-re &type of formation Eng.words are divided into:1)simple words,consisting of a root &the ending or 0ending(desk,need)2)words,consisting of a root morpheme and on affix(work-er)3)compounds in which several stems(основ)are joined together(sweet-heart)derivational compounds where stems are joined together by compounding and affixation(cross-eyed,bare-legged)5)shorten words(add,fridge)6)abbreviations(TV,BBC(Brit.Broadcasting corporation))
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11.AMERICAN ENG.THE MAIN DIFF-CE B\N BR-SH&AM.E IN THE SPHERE OF VOC-RY.
American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States.British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom.Voc-ry differences are connected with the foll.:1)influence of geographic,economy,social &other conditions (cultural,political)2) influence of other l-ges 3)distances b\n the colonies& the frequence of contacts.Voc-ry diff-ce b\n Am.&B.fall under 4 categories:1)same word-different dennotation m-ng(m-ng related to reality)[pants= inB.undewear,in Am.-trousers\pavement-sidewalk in Br.&road servicein Am2)the same word one or more common m-ngs & additional m-ng developed in one variety(of a l-ge is a form that differs from other forms of the l-ge systematically,a style of l-ge:examples of variety:dialects (varieties spoken by geographically defines sp-ch communities;standard l-ge=standardized for ed-n and public perfomance;registers-the specialised voc-ry of certain activities and prof-ns):dumb=mute in Br & stupid in Am; to ship=transport goods by water only in Br & in Am by car,by air,train; smart-in Br.well-mannered,in Am-intelligent3)the same word but diff-ce in style connotation:clever-in Br=positive connotation,in Am-negative c-n (хитроумный)quite-in Br.neutral c-n, in Am-not too high(quite clever)4)the same object,the same item but different words to name it:to ring by phone in Br & to call in Am;глушитель in Br=the silencer, inAm-muffler.
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