Daddy father parent
Slang includes words that are newly created or metaphorically transformed with jocular connotation.
Slang words are used for different reasons:-to sound picturesque -to sound different from others -to sound the same as the members of young group -to sound different from other generations.
The majority of slang words have a short life.
Argot- lg of criminals.
Archaism are words which are no longer used in everyday speech, which have been outed by their synonyms. (steed-horse, perchance-perhaps)
Hystorysmare the words that denoted objects, process, action that are no longer in nowadays use.
Neologismare words which have recently appeared in lg.
6.Meaning and its types.Semantic changes and their classification.Causes of semantic changes.
Meaning isn’t homogeneous. It’s a system of systems, each word comprises
- grammatical and -lexical meaning. -> connotative(express the speaker’s attitude) and denotative meaning(express what the word denotes).
If a word combines several connotative meanings it’s polysemantic.
All meaning are divided into main and peripheral. The meaning can be direct and indirect.
Semantic changes (changes with a word meaning) are of the following types:
1.generalization of meaning (the meaning becomes wider (e.g.destimate-damage))
2.specialisation (meat (food) girl (child))
3.elevation of meaning (lady, queen)
4. degradation of meaning (villain – a person who lived in village and now bad person)
5.transferance:
-metaphor (based on similarity)
-metonymy(based on contiguity)
-euphemism (based on social norms and dictated by our wish to make our saying less rude)
Reasons of semantic changes:
1)linguistic
- borrowing
-differentiation of synonyms
-phraseology
2)extralinguistic
Derivation. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
Derivation affexes serve to form new lexems and are divided into prefixes and suffixes.
Types:1)simple (containing 1 root e.g. pen, table) 2)derivatives(containing the root and derivative affixes, e.g. student, teacher)3)compound word (2 or more stems)4)compound derived(2 or more stems and the last one doesn’t exist as a separate word , e.g. bare-headed)5)shortening(contain shorten stems, e.g. flu, fridge)6)abbreviation (FBI,TV,UFO)
Affixation is a way of making new words by adding affixes to the root of their prototypes.
Depending on origin -> native(existed in old English (-dom)) and borrowed (were taken from other lgs (-ent, ee))
|
|
|
Depending on the degree of productivity -> productive (are active words in word building nowadays (-er,-able)) and non-productive (were used to form new words in the past (-lock))
Classification of sufixes:
1) depending on the part of speech they form
a)noun forming (-er-, -ee-)
b)verb forming (-ish-,-ise-)
c)numeral (-ty,-th,-teen)
d)adj (-less,-able)
e)adverb (-ly)
Depending on the meaning they can express
-deminative (-y,-ie,-let,-ling,-ette,-ock)
-derogatory(-ard, -ton,-st)
Compounding. Classifications of compound words. Criteria of compound.
Compounding is a way of forming new words by joining 2 or more stems together.
Depending on the way the stems are joined we single out:
1.Compounds formed by juxtaposition without any linking element (textbook,tablecloth)
2.Compounds formed by a linking element expressed by a vowel or a consonant (speedometer)
3. Compounds formed with a linking element expressed by preposition, conj,pronoun (mother-in-law, forget-me-not)
Depending on the structure of stems compounds are divided into:
1.Compounds that contain simple root (armchair)
2.Compounds in which at least 1 of the stems is a derivative (filmmaker)
3. Compounds in which 1 of the stems is shortened (mathteacher)
4. Compounds in which 1 of the stems is abbreviated (X-rays)
5. Compounds in which 1 of the stems is compound himself (waste paperbag)
Depending on the semantic relations between the stems:
- exocentric (a kill joy) and – endocentric (textbook, notebook)
Criteria of compounding:
1.Graphic criterion2.Phonological (in a compound word there is one stress usually on the 1st root (blackboard))3.Syntectic4.Semantic5.Morphological
Shortening. Classification of shortened words. Abbreviations. Minor types of wordbuilding.
Shortening is a way of forming new words by cutting off parts of their full prototypes.
1.Initial clipping – the beginning is cut off. (phone-telephone)
2.Final clipping – the end is cut off (sis-sister)
3. Initial and Final clipping – are compound (fridge - refrigerator)
|
|
|
4.Medial clipping – the middle of the word falls out. (specs -spectacles)
3 models:
1)the 1st element of the 1st stem+the 2nd stem
2)the 1st stem+the final element of the 2nd stem
3)the initial element of the 1st stem+the final element of the 2nd stem
Abbreviation is a way of forming new words by initial letters of some other words.
Depends on the way they are read:
- 1st alphabetically read abbreviation (BBC,SOS)
-2nd acronyms are read as ordinary English words (UFO,UNO)
3 different way:
1)alphabetically (p.m.)
2)corresponding foreign words (anti meridium)
3)as corresponding English words (a.m. –in the morning)
Minor types of wordbuilding:
1) sound imitation2)sound interchanged (food-feed)3)distinctive stress (present-present)
4)back formation (housekipper-housekeep)
Дата добавления: 2018-08-07; просмотров: 421; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!