Colloquial Neutral Literary
Approaches to English phraseological studies and classifications of phraseologism .Depending on the degree of their stability all word combinations are divided into : - free (we can substitute for any word without causing any changes in other members of combination. E.g. to go quickly) -semifree (the freedom of substitution is limited to certain semantic groups. E.g. to go hospital, school) -fixed word combinations (no substitution, word order is fixed.) Vinogradov’s classification (semantic&synchronous): - fusions – phrases which are not translated literary into other lg (e.g. to set a cap for smb) - phraseological units are metaphoric but clearly motivated. They can be often translated into other lg literary (e.g. to go around the bush) - phraseological combinations – are not clearly motivated but contain 1 word used in the direct meaning. Larin’s classification: He viewed phraseological unit in their development. Free word combination –> metaphorically transferred but clearly motivated -> phraseological unit with with lost motivation. Amosava’s classification: Phrasemes are binary (of 2 elements): 1 element serves as a fixing context and the other has its meaning metaphorically transferred.Idioms – all the elements are metaphorically transformed. Kunin’s classification: 4 classes depending on what function they perform in communication. 1. nominative- denote some person, thing, quality (e.g. save&sound)2. nominative-communicative (name some actions, process. Always beginning with a verb, NOT have or be) 3. communicative – proverbs, sayings.4. interjectional- express feeling and emotions. (e.g. Good heavens! – О,Боже!) 2. Etymological analysis of the English vocabulary. Classifications of borrowings. The English vocabulary is divided into native words & borrowings. Native words include:- words of common indo-european origin,- words of common Germanic word-stock, - purely anglo-saxon words. Native words denote elementary notions without which communication isn’t possible. Borrowed words are classified depending on the source of borrowing (the lg from which it was taken by the English lg): 1)historically celtic borrowings (bin, bard) 2) latin borrowings (wall, street) 2) greek (music, theatre) 4) Scandinavian (husband, sister, sky) 5) French (justice, table) 6) german (cobalt, rink) 7) Italian (bank, balcony) 8) Spanish 9) dutch (landscape) 10) Russian (samovar, bolshevic) 11) Ukrainian (varenicy, kasac) Assimilation is the process of making borrowed words sound, spell, function and mean what native words mean. Depending on the degree of assimilation: 1. Compeletely-assimilated words do not differ from native words in any aspect. 2. Partially assimilated words are subdivided into 4 types depending on which aspect isn’t assimilated:- semantically unassimilated borrowings (sombrero, taiga)- grammatically unassimilated borrowings (grammar forms are not common for english) (datum -data)- graphically unassimilated borrowings (have certain marks) (synonym, symbol)- phonetically unassimilated borrowings (have not pronounced letters or with the stress on the last syllable) 3. Non-assimilated borrowings – usually have English equivalent but are still used (tete-a-tete, dolce vita) 3. The phenomena of polysemy and homonymy. Sources of homonymy. Polysemantic word may have different antonyms when used in different meaning. Short – long Short- tall A polysemantic word can have antonyms in some meanings and no antonyms in some others. Criticism – prase Criticism – no antonyms. Homonyms are words that are identical in sound and/or spelling but different in meaning. Depending on the degree of their similarity: - homonyms proper – identical in spelling and pronunciation (bat-bat) - homophones – identical in pronunciation, but different in spelling (flower - flour) - homographs – identical in spelling, different in pronunciation (tear - tear) Depending on their belonging to the part of speech: lexical belonging to the same part of speech and lexical grammatical that belong to different part of speech. Sources of homonymy: - phonetic changes (write-right) -borrowing (fair – справедливый, fair - базар) - wordbuilding: Conversion – to hand – hand Shortening Sound imitation 4. Synonyms and antonyms in modern English. Classification of them. Sources of synonymy. Synonymsare two or more words of the same part of speech associated with practically the same denotative meaning. Synonyms:-full -partials: >stylistic (differ in stylistic connotation) (child-infant-kid) >idiographic (can be different in following connotation): a)connotation of duration (stare, glance) b)connotation of manner (tiptoe, march) c)connotation of emotions (alone, lonely) d)causative connotation (redden, blush) e)connotation of intensity (love, like, adore) f)evaluative connotation (famous, notorious) Sources of synonymy: 1)Borrowings from other lg (to ask-to question-to interrogate) 2)conversion (to laugh - laughter) 3)shortening (doc-doctor) 4)compounding (give up- refuse) 5) phraseology (naked – in one’s birthday suit) 6) euphemism (drunk-marry-eleveted) Antonyms are word that belong to the same lg,style, part of speech and express contradictory or contrary notions. Contradictory notions are opposed and deny each other (legal-illigal) Contrary notions are also opposed but they are gradual.(hot-cold,young-old) Antonyms: -root or absolute (in-out? Right-left) -derivational(are formed by the same root and different derivational affixes) (helpful-helpless) 5. Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. Then the word-stock of the English language may be divided into three main layers : the literary layer (is its bookish character, which makes the layer more or less stable), the neutral layer( is its universal character) and the colloquial layer(is its lively spoken character, which makes it unstable). The vocabulary has been divided here into two basic groups: standard and non-standard vocabulary. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:-common literary;-terms and learned [′ lə:nid] words;-poetic words;-archaic words;-barbarisms and foreign words; -literary coinages and nonce-words. The colloquial vocabularyincludes the following groups of words:-common colloquial words;-slang;-jargonisms;-professionalisms;-dialectal words;-vulgar words; -colloquial coinages.
Colloquial Neutral Literary
Kid child infant
Дата добавления: 2018-08-07; просмотров: 541; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!