SDs based on a special arrangement of the parts of the utterance
They are climax, anticlimax or bathos, suspense, antithesis
Climax or gradation (нарастание)represents a structure in which every successive word; sentence or phrase is emotionally stronger or logically more important than the preceding one
E.g. For that one instance there was no one in the room, in the house, in the world, besides themselves.
Such an organization of the utterance creates a gradual intensification of its significance both logical and emotive. Climax can be of 3 types:
1) quantitative climax (количественное);
It is quantity or size that increases with unfolding of the utterance.
e.g. – You have heard of Great Britain?
- I see, - said the colonel with a smile. - England has heard of Great Britain. Europe has heard of Great Britain. World has heard of Great Britain.
2) qualitative or emotive (качественное);
Intensification is achieved through the introduction of emphatic words
E.g. He was helpless, so helpless.
Usually in this type of climax the word most important semantically is repeated and intensified by the introduction of such emotionally coloured adverbs as terribly, immensely, especially, lovely, horribly, fairly, very etc.
3) logical climax; It is the most frequent type of climax in which every new concept is stronger, more important and valid (весомее)
E.g. Silence fell upon Closter Place. Peace. Oblivion (забвение).
Functions of climax:they disclose the author’s outlook, his objective evaluation of facts and phenomena. They show the relative importance of things as seen by the author.
Anticlimax or bathos (переход от возвышенного к обыденному, комическому)It presents a structure where emotion and logical importance is accumulated only to be unexpected broken. It is unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader or listener and ends in complete.
E.g. This was appalling (ужасающий) and soon forgotten.
He was inconsolable for an afternoon.
The sudden reversal of roused expectations usually brings forth a humourous effect; the majority of O. Wilde’s and B. Show’s paradoxes are based on anticlimax.
E.g. Women have wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious (O. Wilde).
Suspenseis the deliberate slowing down of the thoughts postponing its completion till the very end of the utterance. Technically, suspense is organized with the help of embedded clauses, homogeneous members separating the predicate from the subject and introducing less important facts and details first, while the expected information of major importance is reserved till the end of the sentence or utterance
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E.g. R. Kipling’s poem “If”.
Functions of suspense: The main purpose of suspense is to prepare the reader for the only logical conclusion of the utterance. It concentrates the listener’s and the reader’s attention, it arises a feeling of expectation. It is a psychological effect that is aimed.
Antithesisis a SDpresenting two contrasting ideas in a close neighbourhood
E.g. They speak like saints and act like devils.
Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.
The main functionof antithesis is to stress heterogeneity of the described phenomenon to show that the latter is a dialectical unity of two or more opposing features.
What is the difference between antithesis and oxymoron?
SDs Based on Repetition
Repetitionis a SD which emphasizes certain statements of a speaker and so possesses considerable emotive forth. According to the place which the repeated unit occupies in a sentence or utterance repetition is classified into several types: anaphora; epiphora; framing or ring repletion; anadiplosis or catch repetition; chain repletion; ordinary repetition; successive repetition.We shall focus our attention on four main types most frequently occurring in English literature. They are anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis (catching repetition), framing (ring repetition).
Anaphorais the repetition of some successive sentences or clauses.
The pattern is a…, a…, a… .
E.g. I might as well face facts: good-bye Susan, good-bye a big house, good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome dreams.
The main function is not so much to emphasize the repeated unit as to create the background for the non-repeated unit.
Epiphorais a repetition of the final words. The function is to add stress to the final words of the sentence. The pattern is …a, …a, …a.
E.g. I woke up and I am alone, I walk around and I am alone, I talk with people and I am alone.
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Catching repetition (anadiplosis)is a SD wherethe end of one clause or sentence is repeated in the beginning of the following one.
E.g. Freeman and slave… carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-construction of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. (K. Marx, F. Engels)
Framing (a ring repetition)
The beginning of the sentence is repeated in the end. The function is to explain the notion mentioned in the beginning of the sentence. Between the appearances of the repeated unit there comes the developing middle part of the sentence which explains and classifies what was introduced in the beginning, so that by the time it is used for the second time its semantics is specified.
E.g. Poor doll’s dressmaker! How often so dragged down by hands that should have raised her up; how often so misdirected when losing her way on the eternal road and asking guidance. Poor, little doll’s dressmaker. (Dickens)
Chain Repetitionpresents several successive anadiploses. The effect is that of the smoothly developing logical reasoning. The pattern is … a, a … b, b … c, c…
E.g. For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter . (Byron)
Ordinary Repetitionhas no definite place in the sentence and the repeated unit occurs in different positions. It emphasizes both the logical and the emotional meaning of the reiterated word or phrase.
Successive Repetitionis a string of closely following each other reiterated units. This is the most emphatic type of repetition which signifies the peak of emotions of the speaker. The pattern is … a, a, a …
E.g. And everywhere were people. People going into gates and coming out of gates. People staggering and falling. People fighting and cursing. (P.
Abrahams)
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