EMs and SDs which give additional characteristics to the objects described
They are simile and periphrasis (перифраза).
Simileis a structure of three components. It is an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes. The one which is compared is called the tenor, the one with which it is compared is called the vehicle. The tenor and the vehicle are connected by one of the following link words like, as, as though, as like, such as, as…as, etc.
E.g. The girl is like a rose
The girl is the tenor; a rose – the vehicle; like – a link word.
The feature which is called foundation of the simile may be explicitly mentioned
E.g. He stood immovable like a rock. (immovable – foundation)
When the foundation is not explicitly named the simile is considered to be richer in possible associations.
Simile in which the link between the tenor and vehicle is expressed by notional verbs such as to resemble, to seem, to remember, to remind, to recollect to look like, to appear are called disguised or hidden similes.
E.g. He reminded James of a hungry cat.
Periphrasisis a word combination which is used instead of word designating the object. Periphrasis can be of three types:
1) Logical is based on logical notions e.g. Mr. X bore under his arm the instrument of destruction. – (pistols).
2) Figurative is based on metaphor and metonymy e.g. Back foolish tears, back to your native spring. – (eyes)
3) Euphemistic (благозвучный) give a mild, delicate expression instead of one which seems rude or unpleasant. It is used for different stylistic purposes, sometimes to achieve humorous effect.
e.g. Mr. Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise (=the suit) with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires(=the belly).
The often repeated periphrasis becomes trite and serves as universally accepted periphrastic synonyms
E.g. the gentle sex means women; my better half – my spouse.
The main function of P. is to convey a purely individual perception of the described object. To achieve it the generally accepted nomination of the object is replaced by the description of one of its features or qualities, which seems to the author most important for the characteristic of the object, and which thus becomes foreground.
Syntactical Stylistic Devices
Syntactical SDs deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates some particular emotional colouring. The problem of SSDs is closely connected with the problem of the word order in English. The English affirmative sentence is regarded as neutral if it maintains the regular word order: the subject – the predicate – the object.
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In oral speech (which is more emphatic than the written type of speech) different syntactical structures are used automatically as a norm of oral intercourse communication and are not considered to be SDs. Within the written type of the speech even a slightest change in the word order of the sentence will add something to the volume of the information contained in the sentence.
SSDs can be subdivided into 3 groups:
1. SDs used within a sentence. This group can be divided into:
a) SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance (inversion, detachment),
b) SDs based on the peculiarities of oral speech (ellipsis, aposiopesis, represented speech),
c) SDs based on the stylistic use of interrogative and negative constructions (rhetorical questions, litotes);
2. SDs used within an utterance:
a) SDs based on parallelism (parallel constructions, chiasmus/reversed parallelism),
b) SDs based on a special arrangement of the parts of the utterance (climax, anticlimax or bathos, suspense, antithesis),
c) SDs based on repetition (repetition);
3. SDs based on a special use of connection between words, phrases and utterance.
SDs used within a sentence. SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance
They are inversion, detachment.
Inversiondeals with the displacement of the predicate or the displacement of secondary members of the sentence and their shift into the front opening position of the sentence. Stylistic inversion aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring. The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently used:
1) the object is placed before the subject
E.g. Talent Mr. Brown has, capital Mr. Brown has not.
2) the post-position of the attribute
E.g. Once upon the midnight dreary.
3) the predicative stands before the link verb and both are placed before subject E.g. Rude am I in my speech.
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4) the adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence
E.g. Eagerly I wished.
5) both the adverbial modifier and the predicate stand before the subject
E.g. In went Mr. Pickwick.
Detachment is regarded as a special kind of inversion. Its usage is based on the violation of the traditional means of connection between different members of a sentence, though logical ties between them always exist. The word order is not violated, but secondary members obtain their own stress and intonation because they are detached from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes or even a full stop.
E.g. And I have to beg you for money. Daily.
The functions of inversion and detachment are almost the same, but detachment produces a much stronger effect, it gives prominence to some words and helps the author to draw the reader’s attention to certain details or circumstances, to emphasize his emotional attitude towards what he describes.
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