FOCUS 8 ADJECTIVES WITHOUT NOUNS

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We can use The + adjective to talk about some social groups.

The young, the poor, the old, the rich, the sick, the disabled, the handicapped,

the blind, the daef, the mentally ill, the homeless, the unemployed, the dead.

These expressions are plural: the blind means blind people.

I am collecting money for the blind.

Do you know the blind person next door? (not the blind next door)

I met a blind man on the train (not a blind)

We can’t use all adjectives in this way: we don’t normally talk about the foreign, the greedy.

For more information see the topic “Substantivized Adjectives” in Part II.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1 Complete the sentences with expressions from the box.

The blind (twice), the living (twice), the poor (twice), the dead, the old, the rich (twice), the young (twice).

1.In the country of … the one-eyed man is King. 2. Love, like youth, is wasted on … . 3. When the rich make war on each other, it’s … who die. 4. It’s all that … can do for … , to shock them and keep them up to date. 5. “Let me tell you about … . They are different from you and me.” “Yes, they have more money.” 6. We owe respect to the dead; to … we owe only truth. 7. … have more children, but … have more relatives. 8. Pray for … and fight like hell for … . 9. Does it matter: - losing your sight? There’s such splendid work for … ; and people will always be kind, as you sit on the terrace remembering and turning your face to the light.

The can be used in the same way with national adjectives ending in –ch, -sh:

the Dutch, the Spanish, the Welsh

and can be used similarly with national adjectives ending in –se, -ss

the Burmese, the Chinese, the Swiss

though it is just possible for these to have a singular meaning.

The + adjective can occasionally have a singular meaning:

the accused (person), the unexpected (thing)

Ex.2 Answer the following questions:

What are the Chinese (the Swiss, the Japanese, the Dutch, the Spanish, the British) famous for?

Ex. 3 Fill in appropriate articles before substantivized adjectives where necessary.

1. She was twenty-four. Her skin was pale with a touch of ... green. 2. She had dressed carefully — the dress matching the tone of her skin seemed to emphasize ... green of her eyes. 3. Fanny Price coloured. The blood under her unhealthy skin seemed to be.... strange purple. 4. The sky was ... light, radiant blue, but, although it was only early afternoon, a mist was creeping on to the brilliant grass. 5. His eyes were large and blue, but ... blue was very pale, and they looked rather tired already. 6. I have nice hair. It is black — ... real black, not ... dark brown. 7. The sun in the west was a drop of ... burning gold that slid nearer and nearer the sill of the world. 8. I enjoyed the sensation of sitting quietly beside her and looking at ... pale gold of her hair and ... pale gold of her skin. 9. Ralph ignored Jack's question. He pointed to the touch of ... yellow above the sea. 10. There was a scent of honey from the lime trees in flower, and in the sky ... blue was beautiful, with a few
white clouds which looked and perhaps tasted like lemon ice. 11. He himself had always liked ... French, feeling at home with their wit, their taste, their cooking. 12. He's ... Swiss, I believe. 13. I thought he was ... Turkey as he spoke ...
fluent Turkish. 14. You can't be a captain because you don't know ... Italian well enough. 15. I only write about what a beautiful place we live in and how brave ... Italians are. 16. ... Swiss are a very intelligent race and keenly alive to
architectural beauty. 17. At dinner I ate very quickly and left for the villa where ... British had their hospital. 18. I was obviously ... German in Italian uniform. 19. You don't understand ... German, do you? 20. She wasn't ... Swede, like her husband. 21. It would be better to be in the study hall than out in ... cold. 22. You're too brave. Nothing ever happens to ... brave. The coward dies a thousand
deaths, ... brave but one. 23. It was always your ambition to be a nurse and help ... sick ever since you were a little child, wasn't it? 24. Philip learned how little there was in common between ... poor and classes above them. 25. Old Jolyon sighed; he had an insatiable appetite for ... young. 26. We'll be getting to Twelve Oaks in a little bit, and every man there, ... old and ... young, wanting to know about the horses.

Ex. 4 Translate into English.

1. Прекрасное всегда радует глаз. 2. Он внезапно вышел из комнаты.3.Небо было ярко-голубое. 4. Черный был определенно не ее цвет. 5. Не стойте на холоде. Вы хотите заболеть? 6. Это были люди, которые посвятили себя изучению неизвестного. 7. У нее были темно-золотистые волосы, темно-коричневые глаза, а кожа бледно-золотистая. 8. Старые не всегда и даже большую часть времени, не чувствуют себя старыми. 9. Элиза была прекрасна в черном и белом. 10. Мне нравится ваша седина на висках. 11. Они просили его о невозможном. 12. У нее были темно-голубые сердитые глаза. 13. Я полагаю, вы правы, все идет к лучшему. 14. Он принял неизбежное. 15. Большинство раненых были спокойны, но некоторые очень шумели. 16. Когда мы вместе работали, я делал вам много хорошего. 17. Он, бывало, вознаграждал добрых и наказывал жестоких. 18. У нее были необыкновенные способности смешивать главное со второстепенным. 19. Ее мысли были заняты будущим. 20. Джейн была высокая, смуглая и красивая. Она была одета в белое, а в ее черных волосах сияли бриллианты. 21. Они русские. Русские – прекрасный народ. 22. Говорят, он не швед, а болгарин. 23. Он хорошо говорил по-немецки и гораздо хуже по-английски. 24. Я думал, что вы сказали, что он француз, так как он хорошо говорит по-французски. 25. «Не может быть, что вы англичанин, так как вы недостаточно хорошо знаете английский. Вы даже и не итальянец». «Я чех, но я был в Италии, — сказал я, — и говорил по-итальянски».

FOCUS 9 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words in English and are often written with a hyphen between them. They tend to be adjectives which describe colour (bottle-green, off-white), which describe qualities (well-dressed, warm-hearted) or which classify (audio-visual, late-night,tax-free).

For more information see the corresponding topic in Part II.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1 Make compound adjectives to complete the sentences below:

A B

bottle	high	long	blooded	green	looking
cold	home	remote	class	handed	made
first	left	top	controlled	heeled	secret
good			distance

b) Use the compound adjectives to complete the sentences below.

1.The marathon is a … race. 2. The young math teacher is rather …, don’t you think? 3. The gate to our underground car park is … . 4. Details on missile sites are usually kept …by governments. 5. Many people prefer to eat … cakes rather than those you buy in supermarkets. 6. Although they are fashionable, … shoes are not good for the spine. 7. The newspapers reported the … murder of an old lady.8. The Hilton is considered to be a … hotel. 9. Helen has unusual taste – she wears …shirts with orange trousers. 10. Mark is … and has difficulty using the desks at the university because the table is on the right-hand side.

Ex.2 Describe the following. Use the word bank of adjectives:

Objects: convenient, comfortable, ultra-modern, practical, antique, air-conditioned, built-in, spacious, useful, well-located.

Clothes: modern, old-fashioned, tight-fitting, loose, elegant, casual, multy-coloured, roll-necked, leather, cotton, striped, checked, dark/deep red, pale/light brown, brand-new, warm.

People: tall, short, middle-aged, young, good-looking, intelligent, sensitive, polite, overweight, slim, dark-haired, seen-tanned, charming, loyal, beautiful.

School: progressive, traditional, secular, vocational, democratic, comprehensive, dreadful.

Trip: exciting, terrifying, memorable, unusual, fascinating, exhilarating, mountainous, awesome/ rugged/tropical, exotic.

1. Describe the kind of flat you'd like to live in.

2. Describe the new clothes you'd like to buy.

3. Describe your best friend.

4. Describe a memorable trip.

FOCUS 10 ADVERBS

We use adverbs in the following cases:

She walked slowly to tell us more about actions (verbs). They show how, where or when something is done.

Paul went quite quickly past the house to relate to other adverbs.

I had a tenably difficult day. (very difficult indeed)

The dress is quite cheap (fairly cheap) to relate to adjectives; they may strengthen or weaken the adjective.

Perhaps somebody lives here to relate to whole sentences

There are several different types of adverbs. We classify them according to their meaning. Here are some examples:

1. Manner: quietly, fast, gently, slowly, well.

2. Place: away, in, down, anywhere, round, there.

3. Time: daily, monthly, tomorrow, how, immediately

4. Frequency: often, frequently, sometimes, always, never

5. Whole sentence: obviously, perhaps, possibly, luckily

6. Degree: quite, very, hardly, completely

EXERCISES

Ex.1 Underline the adverbs in the sentences and define what kind of adverb it is .

1. She looked rather carefully at her notes before she answered. 2. The little girl went upstairs to bed. 3. This journal is published weekly. 4. She speaks Chinese very well. 5. Luckily, he managed to escape from the burning building.6. We often have dinner at a restaurant. 7. The problem is relatively common among teenagers. 8. The Collins family moved away. 9. We cannot find the dog anywhere. 10. My son never listens to me.

Ex. 2 Form the adverbs from the following adjectives by adding suffix -ly:

shakv, guilty, rosy. greedy, clumsy, busy, pretty, noisy, hasty, heavy, uneasy, steady, happy, angry, gay, shy, dry, complete, nervous, clever, quiet, genuine, absolute, peaceable, noticeable, real, sympathetic, appreciative, strange, beautiful, free, uncomfortable, brave, polite, enthusiastical, immense, cheerful, careful, wonderful.

Ex. 3 Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs:

heavily, hard, gaily, fast, cheerful, politely, late, shyly, far, dryly, peaceably, happily.

Ex. 4 Use the correct form of the adverbs in brackets.

1. I suppose actions speak (loud) than words. 2. She spoke very (sadly) and (slowly). 3. His heart leaped as he saw himself running, running, (fast) than any of the other boys. 4. They went (slowly) than Ralph had bargained for. 5. Piggy spoke (softly) to Ralph than his sister. 6. Godfrey drove (carefully) than usual. 7. Each time the words were screamed (loudly) than before. 8. He looked at her (narrowly) than usual. 9. How long have you been here? A child of five after two lessons would draw (well) than you do. 10. Mr and Mrs Carey were (frankly) shocked at Philip's idea of being an artist.

Ex. 5 Translate the adverbs in brackets into English.

1. We shan't get out of the muddle we're in except by thinking (усиленно) and realistically. 2. He could (едва) speak. 3. Piggy took off his glasses, (глубоко) troubled. 4. The geologists dag too (глубоко) to find oil. 5. The boy
came (близко) and peered down at Ralph, screwing up his face as he did so. 6. Holly, followed (внимательно) by her elderly French governess, came rushing toward them from under the oak tree. 7. The lantern held (высоко) was in his
left hand. 8. He had thought (высоко) of Desert. 9. He will be here at ten (ровно). 10. He spoke (резко) to the children, and told them to go in to their tea. 11. He lives (близко) the Institute. 12. She put her arm round my shoulders and (почти) wept over me. 13. Jon's eyes opened (широко). 14. It is (широко) known that John is the best sportsman in our town. 15. It is (весьма) probable that
they are in the Crimea now. 16. The trickle of smoke sketched a chalky line up the solid blue of the sky, wavered (высоко) up and faded. 17. But we really got a beast, though I can't (едва) believe it, we'll need to stay (близко) to the platform. 18. I decided he must be lying flat, and set off along the beach, examining the base of the cliffs very (тщательно). 19. He always came away (глубоко) depressed. 20. "Never mind my reason!" said Soames (вскоре). 21. You have stated that the agreement which he has so unfortunately cut (внезапно) with his own hand was for a period of five years.

Ex. 6 Translate into English.

1. Он поскользнулся и чуть не упал. 2. Он оставил собаку около дома. 3. Тропинка круто поворачивала к деревне. 4. Он пристально смотрел на Елену, которая сидела напротив него. 5. Дверь была широко открыта, и они вошли не позвонив. 6. «Джейн спит, и я не хочу, чтобы ее беспокоили», — сказал Том резко. 7. «Извините», — сказала Элиза, внезапно остановившись. 8. Он пришел домой вскоре после того, как мы ушли. 9. Вы так сильно изменились, что я едва вас узнала. 10. Джон порезал большой палец и сильно плакал, когда мать вошла в детскую. 11. Она дышала медленно и глубоко после соревнования. 12. Тихие воды глубоки. 13. Во время беседы он внимательно ее рассматривал. 14. Маленький Джон спустился вниз и сел на нижнюю ступеньку. Белла подошла вплотную и стала его рассматривать. 15. Том следовал тут же за сестрой. 16. В течение двух или трех дней доктор внимательно следил за Филиппом. 17. Мы можем жить с высоко поднятыми головами и смотреть всему миру в лицо. 18. Нас считали высокообразованными людьми. 19. Когда Джек выступал, он сильно жестикулировал руками. 20. Чем скорее вы прочтете книгу, тем лучше. 21. Чем больше он думал о своем путешествии, тем больше оно ему нравилось.

FOCUS 11 POSITION OF ADVERBS

There are three main positions for adverbs which modify a verb:

- front position (before the subject)

Finally he could stand the noise no longer

- mid position (between the subject and verb, or after be)

He usually plays better than this.

She is usually here by 10.00

- end position (after the verb)

I've been waiting for hours.

a) Most types of adverbs can go in front position. in particular:

- connecting adverbs e.g. as a result, similarly

As a result, Japan faces a crisis.

- time and place adverbs e.g. tomorrow, in the kitchen

Tomorrow the weather will be much cooler.

- comment and viewpoint adverbs e.g. presumably, finencially

Presumably, she will want to go home.

b) The following types of adverbs usually go in mid position: adverbs of indefinite frequency e.g. always, never, usually; degree adverbs e.g. completely quite; and focus adverbs e.g. just, even:

He always sings when he is having a shower.

I completely forgot her birthday, and I just don't know how to make it up to her.

c) In end position we usually put an adverb after an object or complement if there is one:

He studied the problem briefly.

When there is more than one adverb in end position, the usual order is: adverb of manner, place and time:

In the accident she was thrown violently against the door.

However, if one adverb is much longer than another then it is placed last:

They left at 3.00 with a great deal of noise.

For more information see the topic “Formation of adverbs” in Part II.

EXERCISES

Ex.1 Correct these sentences if needed:

1.We together walked to the end of the garden. 2. So far in my job I have mainly had to deal with complaints. 3. I just have bought a new car. 4 He speaks fluently five languages. 5. Jenny has been appointed recently Professor of Nursing. 6. I was totally unprepared for the news. 7. It was now time for me to make my speech. 8. He had been to London never before. 9. Susan became soon bored with the new toys. 10. John frequently was away from home in his new job. 11. They are at home these days hardly ever. 12. I could never understand why he got so annoyed. 13. We had been already given three leaving presents. 14. Although he is sixty, he still enjoys playing football.

Ex.2 Complete the sentences

1. I last saw … (on Monday/my keys)

2. She sailed … (around the world/in ten months)

3. He was arrested … (at the customs desk/ last week).

4. He stayed … (all day/at home).

You shouldn’t take … (what she says/seriously).

6. He walked … (dangerously/along the top of the wall).

7. The recipe uses… (only/the finest ingredients).

8. He sat … (for a few minutes/silently).

9. We are going … (to Athens/next summer).

10. He wanted … (patiently/outside the door).

11. They cheered … (through the match/excitedly).

Ex. 3 Place the adverb of manner in its correct position.

1. (beautifully) The chorus sang that evening.

2. (carefully) Mr. Harrison prepared his speech.

3. (fast) Does your teacher speak?

4. (slowly) They mixed the soft white flour and the warm milk.

5. (excellently) That couple dances the tango.

6. (well) The girls have studied the laboratory procedure.

7. (well) As usual, they are prepared.

8. (softly) I heard the mother singing a lullaby.

9. (reluctantly) The student put down the worn-out volume with the faded cover.

10. (arrogantly) The accused addressed the judge.

Ex. 4 Answer the questions by using one of the words in brackets Be sure to put it in the right position.

1.How did he act last night? (good, well). - He acted well last night.

2. How is Mr. Parks writing the report? ( meticulous, meticulously)

3. How should Janet study for the exam? (hard, hardly)

4. How will Mr. Adams feel after we tell him? (sad, sadly)

5. How does their mother cook? (wonderful, wonderfully)

6. How did Miss Moody look after your child while you were away? (loving, lovingly)

7. How did the bride look after the ceremony? (happy, happily)

8. How does Helen Todd usually type? ( slow, slowly)

9. How is Sue’s grandmother after her operation? (good, well)

10. How did they find the wallet that had been stolen? (accident, accidentally)

Ex. 5 Complete the sentences with one of the adverbs below. Be sure to put it in the right position.

In away outside abroad somewhere there

1. I can’t find it here. Why don’t you look ...?

2. The birthday party was organized ...

3. My son has decided to study...

4. I don’t know where she is. She has obviously gone...

5. The house is dark. The Jeffersons must have gone ...

6. Hold on! I’ll check if he’s ...

Ex. 6 Put the words below into the correct order.

1. There/the plane/go There goes the plane!

2. here/the missing ring/ be

3. here/it/be

4. there/Mary/be

5. there/they/be

6. here/the jazz band/come

7. here/we/be

Ex. 7 Choose the right adverbs of time for each sentences. Be sure to put it in the right position.

1. (yesterday, tomorrow) My uncle was taken to the emergency room.

My uncle was taken to the emergency room yesterday. Or Yesterday my uncle was taken to the emergency room.

2. (soon, now) Dad is going to buy a new car.

3. (recently, immediately) Let’s go!

4. (already, still) The electrician hasn’t arrived.

5. (yet, yesterday) This dirty room hasn’t been cleaned.

6. (eventually, last night) Don’t worry! He’ll finish it.

7. (yet, already) I’ve seen it.

8. (still, afterwords) The twins went bowling.

9. (now, lately) Don’t take a bath!

10. (then, today) He’s feeling quite cheerful.

Ex. 8 Put the words into correct order.

1. (yesterday, away) Moritz, our cat, ran.

Moritz, our cat, ran away yesterday.

2. (last night, the guitar, at the concert, beautifully) Alexandra played

3. (in lab class, a frog, tomorrow) The students will dissect

4. (hard, soon, here) I’m sure it’s going to rain ...

5. (angrily, him last night) The speaker answered ...

6. (since 1977, here) Teresa has been living ...

7. (out, still, at dawn) He loves going ...

Ex. 9 Place the adverb of frequency into the right position. In some cases there may be two or three possibilities.

1 Always: Dr Webster cycles to his parents’ homes.

Dr Webster always cycles to his parents’ homes.

2. every morning: They drink black coffee.

3. Occasionally: Paul borrows money from his friend.

4. Usually: The guests have to sign the register on entering the building.

5. Ever: Have you won the lottery?

6. Rarely: That cactus plant needs watering.

7. Often: Their dog is aggressive.

8. Never: The fireman had seen such a disaster!

9. Once a day Aunt Daisy takes an aspirin.

10. Sometimes: You ought to write him a note.

Ex.10 Henry and Bill are two students who have reached the end of their studies. They are discussing what to do after graduation. Put the adverbs of position into the right position.

Bill:

I don’t know what I am going to do after graduate. (honestly)

Honestly, I don’t know what I am going to do after graduate.

I’ll take a year off to travel. (perhaps)
I won’t go back to college for another degree (certainly)
My parents are hoping I’ll find a job. (naturally)

Henry:

51

I’ll have to work (definitely)
My family cannot afford to support me anymore. (frankly)
I’d prefer to go on a trip instead.(obviously)
but that’s out of the question. (clearly)
I could travel a bit during my first paid holiday. (probably)

Bill:

We still have a few months before we’re on our own! (luckily)

Ex. 11 Put the adverbs of degree into the right position.

1. Old Mrs. Hardy fell on those stairs. (almost)

Old Mrs. Hardy almost fell on those stairs.

2. You have touched your food! (barely)

3. Tommy is a smart kid. (very)

4. This closet isn’t big for all my clothes. (really, enough)

5. Mr.Dodd has discussed the matter. (just))

6. That author has been successful. (fairly)

7. They have worked for today. (enough)

8. In my opinion Peterson is driving fast. (too)

9. Oh, yes, I like modern dance. (very much)

10. They had time to get acquainted! (hardly)

Ex. 12 Put each of the adverbs below into the right column.

Insistently / quite / surely / usually / silently / always / never / vaguely / overseas / today / well / too / fast / outside / everywhere / recently / enough / so / very / soon / even / carefully / offshore / up / almost / fiercely / abroad / angrily / fairly / obviously / seldom / downstairs / yesterday / nowhere / here / foolishly

Adverbs of manner Place Time Frequency Opinion Degree

Insistently

Ex.13 Put this mixed group of adverbs into the right position.

1. Sandy glanced around the room. (furtively)

2. She knew that Ned had hidden the letter in the room. (somewhere, yesterday)

3. She opened the cupboard and looked. (softly, inside)

4. Ned was predictable. (usually, very)

5. Ah, it was! (there)

6. She would have chosen to hide the letter. (personally, elsewhere)

7. But she felt relieved that it had been easy. (actually, so )

8. She heard footsteps coming. (suddenly, upstairs)

9. Sandy thought. (quickly, very)

10. Should she hide? (where)

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