ICT in Public Sector Management
Give a definition of ICT
Information and communications technology
This is a general term that describes any technology that helps produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and / or disseminate information. IT merges computers with communication to make it information technology. Thus there are two main parts to Information technology:
•Computer Technology:This is a programmable and multiuse machine that accepts data – raw facts and figures an processes or manipulates it into information for future use. As the time advances the computer has seen its development in the following three directions
◦ Miniaturization: Computer is becoming smaller and smaller in size from the time it was invented with “ENIAC “ that was built using vacuum tubes which were later replaced by transistors and then by integrated circuits.
◦Speed : with the advent of miniaturization more hardware components are now accommodated in the system which work towards increasing the speed of the system.
◦Affordability : with the processor and its components costing less when compared what they were earlier has made the computer more affordable to the common man.
•Communication Technology: This is also called as telecommunication technology it consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communication over long distances.
The recent development in communication are :
◦Connectivity :this refers to connecting of computers by a communication line for the purpose of online information access or sharing peripheral devices.
◦Interactivity : This refers to two way communication where the user can respond to the information they receive and modify what the system is doing.
Multimedia :This refers to technology that presents media in more than one medium in a single integrated communication. For ex: Sound Video and Animation
With the combination of development in Computer and communication
This resulted in:
◦Convergence : The system has enabled the use of computer technology interdisciplinary .
◦Portability : computer are becoming more portable and mobile.
◦Personalization : creating the information tailored according to the needs of the user.
The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination of the telephone network) to merge the telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management. However, ICT has no universal definition, as "the concepts, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving on an almost daily basis. The broadness of ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form, e.g. personal computers, digital television, email, robots. For clarity, Zuppo provided an ICT hierarchy where all levels of the hierarchy "contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications ". Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for the 21st century.
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Give a definition the role of ICTs in key sectors of society
ICT (information and communications technology - or technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICTs in education, health care, or libraries.
Telecommunications
ICT is changing lives across the region. Farmers and fisher folk receive timely weather forecasts through their mobile phones, remote village schools connect to educational resources through internet -enabled computer labs, and citizens transact with their governments more efficiently through online systems. Most developed nations are also helping to expand telecommunication networks, provide shared ICT access facilities like Community e-Centers , and develop innovative and relevant ICT applications.
ICT in Education
ICT can improve the efficiency and quality of education at all levels. Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promoting ICT in education. Access, inclusion and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and Science
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ICT in Public Sector Management
Researchers and scientists encourage governments to adopt both innovative approaches and modern technologies to promote good governance. This is done not just by shifting from manual, paper-based processes to automated systems, but also by creating new skills, building human and institutional capacity, and creating an enabling policy and regulatory environment to facilitate public sector reforms.
ICT in Health
ICT can be a powerful tool for improving health and related services. The projects related to this field are helping to improve dissemination of public health information, bridge the gap in consultation, diagnosis, and treatment between resource-rich and resource-poor hospitals, facilitate learning, enhance the ability to monitor diseases and other health issues, and make health administration more efficient.
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