To be conditioned – быть обусловленным
feature – черта
sequence – последовательность
word stock – словарный запас
appearance – появление
disappearance – исчезновение
word-building – словообразование
to undergo – подвергаться
to conform to – соответствовать
irrespective of – несмотря на
description – описание
inherent – составляющая часть
reflection – отражение
content – содержание
to regard – рассматривать
sign – знак
arbitrary – произвольный
to denote – обозначать
linear – линейный
stretch – протяженность
sufficient – достаточный
to determine – определить
distributional – дистрибутивный
interdependence – взаимозависимость
influence – влияние
comparative – сравнительный
equivalence – эквивалентность
to compare – сравнивать
Questions to the lecture
1. “What is the meaning of the word lexicology”?
2. What does lexicology study?
3. What is the relation of lexicology to other branches of linguistics?
4. What does general lexicology study?
5. What does special lexicology study?
6. What can you say about historical (diachronic) lexicology?
7. What can you say about descriptive (synchronic) lexicology?
8. What does a word reflect?
9. Is a word as a sign arbitrary or motivated?
10. What are the three main types of motivation?
11. Into what two main groups are linguistic relationships between words classed?
12. How are syntagmatic relationships studied?
13. What are paragmatic relationships?
14. What does comparative lexicology study?
Lecture 2
The Main Ways of Word Nomination in English
Vocabulary of any language comprises a system. The interdependence in this system results from a complex interaction of words in their lexical meanings and the grammatical features of the language.
Considered in meaning words making up the English vocabulary fall into two groups of unequal scope: so-called notional words and form-words. Notional words embody concepts, they name objects phenomena, states, processes, actions, qualities etc. They are usually divided into two semantic groups: concrete words denoting tangible objects in their entirety (e.g. saucer, snow, pen) and abstract words denoting ideas, features feelings, etc. (e.g. patience, kindness, joy).
|
|
|
Form-words show relations between concepts. It is a matter of common knowledge that they are important in English because of the scarcity of inflexions, and along with word-order should be considered the basic means of connecting words in sentences. Formative words are generally divided in two main categories: prepositions and conjunctions. In the both groups the grammatical meaning: prepositions show relations between an object and an object, an object and a process; conjunctions connect words and word groups within a sentence, and sentences together.
According to the semiological classification all nouns which denote substances fall into several major classer subdivided into some semiotic subclasses. E. Nida suggested the following classes of nouns.
Class 1Concrete countable life nouns denoting non-persons. They include animals, birds etc. (parrot, fox, pig, rat etc.).
Class 2 Concrete countable life nouns including persons. Their number is estimated to be in English over 6.000. They include proper names of people, names of nations (Germans, Russians, Poles etc.); races (Negroes, the whites).
Modifying names (leader, chairman, robber).
There are some jargonisms, vulgar words here: such as fool, dully.
Class 3 Concrete, countable, non-person, inanimate nouns representing plant-names: cabbage, beetroot, carrot, potato; names of celestial bodies and atmosphere masses: comet, moon, sun, stars, clouds; parts of human body: hand, head, arm, leg, nose, foot; names of arts: dance, songs, pictures, etc.
Class 4 Concrete life nouns, represented in the contrasted languages by different common collective nouns: nation, race, family, crew, staff, etc.
Class 5 Collective life nouns representing species of animals: cattle, sheep or poultry.
Class 6 Concrete inanimate, uncountable non-person nouns including words denoting mass of material as well as different abstract nouns: butter, bread, sugar, oil, snow, sand, silver, etc.
Class 7 Abstract nouns: business,information, news, feudalism, thought, etc.
|
|
|
Дата добавления: 2018-05-31; просмотров: 171; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!